Joy Luck Club

An Offprint From

Beacham’S Encyclopedia of

The Joy Luck Club

Novel 1989

Author: Amy Tan

Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction

Editor

Kirk H. Beetz, Ph.D.

Cover Design Amanda Mott

Library of Congress

Catalog! ng-in-Publication Data Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction Includes bibliographical references and index Summary: A multi-volume compilation of analytical essays on and study activities for the works of authors of popular fiction. Includes biography data, publishing history, and resources for the author of each analyzed work.

Cover Art is "Pierrot," 1947, by William Baziotes Oil on Canvas, 42 1/8 x 36 Donated by the Alisa Mellon Bruce Fund, ©, 1996

Reproduced with Permission from the Board of Trustees,

National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

ISBN 0-933833-41-5 (Volumes 1-3, Biography Series) ISBN 0-933833-42-3 (Volumes 1-8, Analyses Series) ISBN 0-933833-38-5 (Entire set, 11 volumes)

1. Popular literature—Bio-bibliography. 2. Fiction—19th century—Bio-bibliography. 3. Fiction—20th century—Bio-bibliography. I. Beetz, Kirk H., 1952-

Z6514.P7B43 1996

[PN56.P55]

809.3—dc20 96-20771 CIP

Copyright ©, 1996, by Walton Beacham, AH rights to this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or in any information or storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, write the publisher, Beacham Publishing Corp., P.O. Box 830, Osprey, FL 34229-0830.

Printed in the United States of America First Printing, November 1996

li

Introduction -----♦-----

Controversy about the social value of fiction began with the earliest eighteenth-century English novels: Samuel Richardson's Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded (1740), Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749), and Lawrence Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1760-1767). These pioneer works portrayed the trials and tribulations of ordinary people who, in the eyes of traditionalists, were not worthy subjects for art because they did not serve as models of correct behavior, social attitude, philosophy, or religion. The heroes and heroines in these early novels were low-lifes: lovable rogues, good-hearted prostitutes, carefree vagabonds in search of a place in a society that had excluded them because of their station in life. The language of the novel was ordinary English, not the high-toned language of the clergy or aristocracy. So from the beginning, the novel purported an anti-aristocratic, anti-intellectual tenor, and it irreverently mocked the manners and constrictions that the upper class placed on itself and on the lower classes.

As the Industrial Revolution created a large middle class, the nineteenth-century novel flourished as the vehicle for portraying the social and moral differences between classes. The novel began to include social commentary that sometimes resulted in important change — certainly Charles Dickens can be credited with influencing reform laws regarding the treatment of children — and with the power to influence church and state, the novel could be taken more seriously than mere

entertainment. Unlike poetry and drama, however, the novel as an art form has always had its seamy underside and continues to be held in suspect.

The American novel did not appear for fifty years after Pamela, and the nineteenth-century novel was the vehicle for adventure stories and for defining the vast and diverse culture arising out of westward and seafaring expansion. The rogue of Tom Jones reappeared in the guise of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn as the empowered, indomitable, rough-and-ready American hero. The entertainment element of the novel superseded any socially redemptive value, and it became an ideal form for portraying the pioneer spirit and the rugged individual.

But America has always been infused with a dual and often conflicting philosophy of morality versus pragmatism, and the novel as an art form has received condemnation on several fronts for its alleged lack of responsibility in defending moral values. Lurid stories of unconventional morality that do not contain a strong component of reform or condemnation of immoral behavior are often regarded as obscene and are sometimes banned from public consumption. In almost every decade since its publication. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been removed from library shelves as a result of community censorship.

In an attempt to distinguish between sensational and didactic fiction, critics acknowledge that there is a spectrum between the "art" novel and "pulp fiction,"

Introduction

v

The consensus is that any story, regardless of its sensational elements, can have lessons to teach that make it socially valuable. The argument stems from the balance or imbalance between the "entertainment" and "instructive" components. Graham Greene himself classified many of his novels as "entertainments," and yet the power of his language clearly distinguishes them from other pulp fiction.

In compiling Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction, we have attempted to identify writers that readers have taken seriously, either by virtue of attracting a large audience or by the amount of critical attention they have received. We have cast no moral, or even critical judgment about social redemption vs. sensationalism. Our underlying thesis is that fiction that becomes enormously popular contains elements that touch on deep-rooted social attitudes, concerns, fears, or desires, and is often a barometer of social or psychological change. Fiction can be viewed as pieces of data that the perceptive investigator can use as clues to unravel social history, human psychology, and the imagination, Along the way, fiction incorporates history, mythology, theology, linguistics, science, law, and most intellectual pursuits of modern times. The writers here have observed and recorded voluminous social data that reveals much about American society.

Our intention is for Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction to serve several equally important functions. One is to record the history of popular fiction, and in that regard these initial eleven volumes provide only a skeleton for adding many more authors and works. We have included authors and books that may never be read again except by students of the genre. Gene Stratton Porter, Booth Tark-ington, Erskine Caldwell and others were the most widely-read authors of their time — Porter's novels were made into

twenty-seven motion pictures; Tarkington won two Pulitzer Prizes, and Caldwell had more copies of books in print in 1943 than any other author in the world. Today, if they are read at all, Stratton is relegated to the genre of "girls' fiction," Tarkington as creator of the bad boy Penrod, and Caldwell as perverse painter of degenerate Southern poverty. But these writers, and many others, who have fallen into obscurity, must be included in any serious review of American literature or society. Others, who have not been widely read for decades, may reappear as contemporary spokespersons. Who would have thought that three of Jane Austen's novels of manners would have been made into high profile, mega-budget films in the same year of 1996? We have also included some writers, such as S. J. Perel-man. Garrison Keillor, and Hunter S. Thompson, whose work is not strictly regarded as fiction but whose techniques have been widely influential in the development of the genre,

A second function of the encyclopedia is to provide criticism for some popular novelists who have received no critical attention other than book reviews in the popular press. We were surprised by how many best-selling authors have been ignored by the critics, especially in the genres of science fiction and fantasy, but also with mainstream bestselling writers, such as Pat Conroy, Judith Krantz and Scott Turow. For some of the writers included in the encyclopedia, such as Sidney Sheldon, this is the only critical study of their work, while with others, such as Patricia Cornwell, it is the most extensive. Generally, though not by editorial design, the length of the articles reflects the current interest in the writer or the complexity of his/her work. Margaret Atwood, for example, receives in-depth analysis because her work is so diverse and rich, and because she is

VI

Introduction

regarded by many readers and critics as one of the most important voices in contemporary literature.

A third function of the encyclopedia is to recognize the importance of other countries and cultures on our own. Although the first complete form of the modern novel appeared in England (Pamela, 1740), the novel owes its roots to other European art forms. Quickly after the modern form of novel was established in England, it spread to Europe where it was shaped to reflect the social and intellectual fabric of vastly different countries. By the turn of the twentieth century, American novelists were being increasingly influenced by the ideas coming from Europe, and the complexion of American fiction was altered because of them. Beginning with Henry James, William Dean Howells, Edith Wharton and their circles, extending through Virginia Woolf, Marcel Proust, James Joyce and their circles, and continuing through the American expatriates in Paris after World War I, culminating with the American involvement in World War II, American writers have reflected European concerns in their fiction. Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction includes some of the influential Europeans, and will add more to the continuing series,

As the western hemisphere began to consolidate after 1950, it became clear to a few critics and scholars that the most innovative fiction was being written, but not exported, from Mexico and Latin America. Supported by grants during the affluent 1960s, academics began to translate and find publishers for some of the most exciting modem novelists, including Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Julio Cortazar, and Jorge Luis Borges. Since the discovery of these writers, other Latin American novelists, such as Laura Esquivel, have received a wide American audience. While the Latin American nov-

elists were experimenting with form, language, myth and cultural history, emerging Africans, such as Alan Paton and Chinua Achebe, wrote of the social horrors that resulted from one culture attempting to suppress another. The Latin American and African writers included in these first volumes are but a beginning to the ones we will add.

A fourth function of the encyclopedia is to provide a research mechanism for students who want to write about popular fiction. The following section explains some uses of the encyclopedia for this purpose.

Finally, some notes about editorial decisions. For a subject as diverse and encompassing as fiction, seven thousand pages is hardly a beginning toward recognizing the many achievements and concerns of writers worldwide. It is our aim here to represent as many perspectives and cultures as possible, and we have attempted to balance genres, genders, eras, races, and countries. But we have not been overly concerned about omissions knowing that we will add many more authors and works before the encyclopedia can be considered complete. It is our intention to include every writer who has impacted American society through fiction. In future volumes (we anticipate one or two a year), we expect to increase the representation of short fiction and to include general essays about genres.

In addition to the twelve appendices deigned to help readers identify titles, authors, and themes they want to research, there are two indexes: one grouping titles with their authors, and the second a comprehensive, A-Z list of titles and authors. Because of the difference in the amount of coverage devoted to an analysis, we have added a system of plus signs (+) to designated full entries from partial discussions. Most of these titles are found in the "Related Titles" subsection

Introduction

vn

of an analysis of another book by the same author. Some of these titles with partial treatments will receive full treatment in future volumes. You should also note that in each article is a subsection "Literary Precedents," which discusses influences on the writer. Thousands of titles are discussed in this section but are not listed in the indexes. In order to reduce confusion that will occur as a result of the Biography/Resources Series being numbered as volumes 1-3 and the Analyses Series numbered as volumes 1-8, the index entry for the Biography/Resources material is in bold type and will also be designated as (Bio Vol #).

The reason we have divided Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction into two sections: Biography and Resources, and Analyses is that biographical data become obsolete far quicker than an analysis of a title, and when it becomes necessary to update the biographies, we can issue those volumes without requiring libraries to purchase a new set of analyses as well. As one would expect the Resources section for each of the writers varies greatly. For writers who have received no critical attention, the only resources are book reviews and an occasional interview. And because so many of these writers are still alive, full-length biographies are rare. With the critically established writers, we have attempted to include all of the important biographies and book-length criticism, and to provide useful annotations that will help researchers discriminate between choices.

I would like to thank our many contributors for their excellent work on this series, and especially Dr. Kirk Beetz, who not only performed the Herculean task of managing the project but also contributed two dozen outstanding pieces of his own criticism. I also want to thank the many librarians who have expressed such enthusiastic appreciation for our previous

reference books on popular fiction. We hope this expanded new concept and approach to the subject will bring you as much pleasure.

We welcome inquiries and suggestions from our readers. Write to Beacham Publishing Corp., P. O, Box 830, Osprey, FL 34229.

Walton Beacham

vui

Introduction

Researching Topics in Fiction

♦

In addition to providing a comprehensive reference source, this encyclopedia contains many features designed to help students write about fiction. The biographical volumes examine how the writer was perceived by the critics, the extent of his/her popular acceptance, and the elements that caused the work to become a bestseller.

The analyses explain important ideas contained in the fiction, including questions for discussion or research, and the extensive appendices provide a gateway for selecting titles and topics to write about. Together, the biographical and analytical volumes provide an overview of the work, the social climate of the times in which it was written and became popular, and its relation to other works and literary forms.

Most writing topics for fiction are related to a writer's life, the ideas contained in the work, the historical or social climate in which it was produced, the location and period of the story, or the literary form and techniques. Example topic ideas for each of these are:

Author: Develop an idea based on some aspect of a writer's life, career, or work, or compare one writer to others with similar (or opposite) lives, works, or ideas.

Example: "How did living in Paris during the early 1920s affect the works of Ernest Hemingway?"

Location: Develop the significance or

characteristics of a region or a setting on a work or a body of literature.

Example: "What characteristics of rural Georgia appear in Flannery O'Connor's story "A Good Man Is Hard to Find?"

Era/Time frame: Time-frame topics usually compare a writer(s) or work(s) within or across periods, or place a writer(s) or work(s) within a time period.

Example: "Compare differing views of America during the 1950s through the novels of John Dos Passos and James Jones."

Genre: Select a genre, such as western, detective, or fantasy fiction, and illustrate how it conforms to or differs from the traditional use of the genre.

Example: "Compare Bram Stoker's Dracula with Anne Rice's Vampire Le Slat"

Social topics: Develop a social awareness issue.

Example: "Compare the images of Native Americans in the novels of Louise Erdrich, N. Scott Mom ad ay, and Max Brand."

Theme: Thematic topics illustrate how a writer is using characters, plot, symbols, images, archetypes, and other literary devices to develop ideas.

Researching Topics in Fiction

IX

Examples: "What are various forms of blindness in Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres?"

If you know the writer or novel you want to write about, you can begin with the biographical entry or title analysis; otherwise, you can use the appendices to identify a work that interests you. If you have decided to write on Joseph Conrad, for example, you can glean a lot of ideas from the biographical section. Here are a few of the questions you can infer by reading just a few pages from the biographical entry.

1.  Conrad grew up as an orphan exiled in Russia. Research his early life and explain how it influenced his fiction.

2.  Conrad went to sea when he was seventeen, and many of his stories take place at sea or in far-away places. Research this period of his life and trace which stories are related to his seafaring experiences.

3.  Conrad was born in 1857 and died in 1924, placing him squarely between centuries. Trace his life between 1890 and 1920 and explain how the changing world affected his fiction.

4.  Conrad was bom in Poland, grew up in Russia, went to sea in France, and spent many years in England. He spoke and wrote in several languages. Trace those aspects of his life that made him such an international person or trace the international/multicultural aspects in his fiction.

The Resources section also identifies books that lead you to the next step in your research.

The Resources section will often lead

you to materials that will help you develop these biographical topics, and to begin a list of thematic and social topics. By summarizing the main idea of the annotations that begin on page 413 of the biographical entry on Conrad, you can see what topics have interested the critics, which should provide you with avenues of ideas for a topic of your own. Here is a thumbnail synopsis of the critics' focus.

Meyers: Conrad's Polish background; his involvement with the Carlist war in Spain; his positive views of Jews in America; his suicide attempt; his love affair with a traitor; and the sources of his characters.

Adelman: Freudian psychology and British imperialism as thematic forces in Heart of Darkness.

Anderson: Conrad's transition to modern novelist. Conrad redefines the relationship of the novel to reality. One result of this change was the incorporation of many of the unsavory aspects of life into the novel; another was a growing moral concern over the effects of confronting the darker side of life.

Armstrong: Examines Conrad's narrators' shifting and often contradictory explanations of the reality of events, claiming that the expression of "bewilderment" was the source of many of their obscurities.

Brown: Examines the psychology of character that leads to his fragmentation.

Fraser. Each long work has a corresponding short work.

Hamner: Addresses Conrad's treatment

Researching Topics in Fiction

of people and places on the frontiers where European civilization extended its imperial arms, beginning with the Far East, then Africa and finally the

Americas.

Krajka: Isolation and ethos as themes in Conrad's fiction.

Lester: From his father's "religiosity" to his knowledge of Islam and Buddhism, Conrad fused theologies and made them part of the rich texture of his work. He suggests Conrad's use of religion in his fiction is a major reason why it has elicited so much archetypal criticism.

Milbauer: Conrad's cultural displacement.

Raval: Social systems and social responsibility,

Gogwilt: Conrad's idea of the "West" as a set of ideas.

Watt: Conrad as a nineteenth-century writer.

Winner: Argues that Conrad could not accept faith that demanded the acceptance of a mystery, and he used irony to question moral codes and values.

Using only the annotations, we can develop topic ideas for papers. Two good ones using these resources are:

Topic #1

British imperialism (Adelman) and its effect on people in all parts of the world (Hamner), combined with the individual's uncertainty about his/her social responsibility (Raval), may lead the individual into isolation (Krajka)

Researching Topics in Fiction

and psychological fragmentation (Brown).

Topic #2

Conrad's knowledge of theologies (Lester), and his unwillingness to accept msyery as a part of faith (Winner), led Conrad to use irony as a vehicle for questioning moral codes and values,

The Resources section is also useful as a guide to the amount and availability of research material. If there are only a few secondary sources for an author, it could be an indication that you will have trouble writing a paper whose requirement is use of multiple resources. However, if your assignment is to use only the novel itself, then the paucity of resources will not make much difference to your assignment, although it is very useful to know what other readers/critics have said about the author. Also, look at the publications in which the resources appear and determine which of these is available through your library or interlibrary loan.

Locating a topic and narrowing the focus when you have not been assigned a specific author or

BOOK.

Using an appendix or combination of appendices can help you find a topic, writer, or title that will satisfy the parameters of your assignment. Appendices 1-12 listed on the following page are located in Volume 8 of the Analyses series.

Appendix 1: Themes Grouped by Titles

Appendix 2: Titles Grouped by Social Concerns and Themes

Appendix 3: Authors Grouped by Genre

Appendix 4: Authors Grouped by Era

Appendix 5: Authors Listed by Year of Birth

Appendix 6: American Authors Listed by Place of Birth

Appendix 7: World Authors Listed by Place of Birth

Appendix 8: Pulitzer Prize Recipients

Appendix 9: National Book Award Recipients

Appendix 10: Nobel Prize Recipients

Appendix 11: Film Adaptations

Appendix 12: World Wide Web Sites for Authors

4760 4859 4911

4920 4924 4935 4940 4943 4946 4949 4950 4953

Appendix 2 is often a good place to begin. Turning to page 4860, you will see dozens of social issues listed. Let's say you are interested in how slavery is portrayed in fiction. Page 4905 lists a couple of dozen novels in which slavery is an important issue. If you make a list of these authors, then locate them in Appendix 3, 4, 5 or 6, you will learn that by no means are all these authors dealing with slavery in the U.S. during Civil War times. These slave stories occur from an-

cient Rome to outer space and in several genres, including fantasy, romance and science fiction, and the authors vary in age by as much as fifty years, and were born in different parts of the country. Using the steps above, you can generate several different types of paper ideas, then read the analyses to determine which novels or stories most closely relate to some of the topics you're considering.

XII

Researching Topics in Fiction

Contributors ----♦----

Carol Nevin Abromaitis Loyola College in Maryland

Fakrul Alam University of Dhaka

Janet Alwang

Emily Alward

Greenwood (Indiana) Public Library

K. Amoabeng

State University of New York

Stony Brook

Stanley Archer

Texas A&M University

Robert A. Armour

Virginia Commonwealth University

Edwin T. Arnold Appalachian State University

Marilyn Arnold

Brigham Young University

Bertram D. Ashe

Virginia Commonwealth University

Stephen C. B. Atkinson Hofstra University

Karl E. A very

Dennis Baeyen Cuesta College

Jim Baird

University of North Texas

Margaret Ann Baker Iowa State University

Jane Lee Ball Wilberforce University

Carol M. Barnum

Southern College of Technology

Craig Barrow University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Diana Wells Barrow University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Melissa E. Barth Appalachian State University

Richard H. Beckham

University of Wisconsin-River Falls

Sue Bridwell Beckham University of Wisconsin-Stout

Kirk H. Beetz

Kate Begnal

Utah State University

Richard P. Benton Trinity College, Hartford

Contributors

xin

Anthony Bernardo Rutgers University

Mary G. Be math

Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

Charles Berryman

University of Southern California

Winifred Farrant Bevilacqua University of Turin, Italy

George Bishop

D'Youville College

R G. Blaha

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Virginia Brackett University of Kansas

Muriel W. Brailey Wilberforce University

Harold Branam Temple University

Dudley C. Brown

Allegany Community College

Margery L. Brown

State University of New York

at Farmingdale

Carl Brucker

Arkansas Tech University

Mitzi M. Brunsdale Mayville State College

Katherine T. Bucher Old Dominion University

Elizabeth Buckmaster

Pennsylvania State University

Glenn S. Burne

University of North Carolina

at Charlotte

Ann Cameron

Indiana University, Kokomo

Ralph S. Carlson Azusa Pacific University

Thomas Carmichael University of Western Ontario

Michael Thomas Carroll

New Mexico Highlands University

Lou-Ann Caruthers Western Kentucky University

Edgar L. Chapman Bradley University

John R. Clark

University of South Florida, Tampa

Luther Bryan Clegg

Texas Christian University, Fort Worth

Samuel Coale Wheaton College

Sam Cohen

Five Towns College

William Condon Arkansas Tech University

John J. Conlon

University of Massachusetts,

Boston

Alice H. Cook

Deborah Core

Eastern Kentucky University

xiv

Contributors

Richard Hauer Costa

Texas A&M University

Fred D. Crawford University of Oregon

Amber Dahlin

Metropolitan State College of Denver

Alan R. Davis

Moorhead State University

J. Madison Davis Pennsylvania State University

Joan F. Dean

University of Missouri-Kansas City

Sharon L. Dean Rivier College

Roger Dendinger Francis Marion College

Lesa Dill

Western Kentucky University

Thomas F. Dillingham Stephens College

Robert DiYanni Pace University

David C. Dougherty Loyola College in Maryland

William Ryland Drennan University of Wisconsin Center Baraboo/Sauk County

Paula Duffy

Montana State University-Billings

Douglas Dunson

Arkansas State University

Klay Dyer University of Ottawa

Robert P. Ellis Worcester State College

Ann W. Engar University of Utah

Clara Estow

University of Massachusetts-Boston

Lynne Facer

Linda G. Faison

Pat Feehan

University of South Carolina

John Freedman Harvard University

Lawrence B. Fuller

Bloomsburg University

Steven H. Gale

Missouri Southern State College

Richard M. Gardner University of Wisconsin

Keith Garebian

Greg Garrett Baylor University

Robert A. Gates St. John's University

Edward V. Geist University of Bridgeport

Wesley Gibson

Richard B. Gidez Pennsylvania State University

Contributors

xv

C Herbert Gilliland U.S. Naval Academy

Margaret Baker Graham

Iowa State University

Kenneth B. Grant

University of Wisconsin Center

Baraboo/Sauk County

Sharon L. Gravett Valdosta State University

Ervene F. Gulley Bloomsburg University

Lenore Gussirt

Lyman B. Hagen Arkansas State University

Jay L. Halio University of Delaware

Judith Hard in

Western Illinois University

Lydia D. Hazera George Mason University

William J. Heim University of South Florida

Terry Heller Coe College

Dona J. Helmer

Montana State University-Billings

Elizabeth A. Helmer

University of Southern Mississippi

Jeff Henderson

University of Central Arkansas

David Hicks Pace University

Shula Hirsch

Five Towns College

Donald D. Hook Trinity College Hartford

Barbara Horwitz C.W. Post Campus Long Island University

William Hull

Illinois State University

Caroline C. Hunt College of Charleston

David Huntley

University of North Carolina

Edelma de Leon Huntley Appalachian State University

Mary Anne Hutchinson

Utica College of Syracuse University

James M. Hutchisson University of Delaware

John L. Idol, Jr. Clemson University

Farhat M. Iftekharuddin Texas Southmost College

John F. Jebb University of Delaware

B. R. Johnson

New Mexico Highlands University

Veda Boyd Jones

Lothar Kahn

Central Connecticut State University

Jan is Karam Palo Alto College

xvi

Contributors

Sister Mary Helen Kashuba, S.SJ. Chestnut Hill College

Richard Keenan

University of Idaho

Steven G. Kellman

University of Texas at San Antonio

Rebecca Kelly

Southern College of Technology

James M. Kempf

Frostburg State University

Pamela Kay Kett Moorhead State University

Jane M. Kinney

Valdosta State University

J. Reynolds Kinzey

Virginia Commonwealth University

Peter Klovan

University of Alberta, Edmonton

Jesse K Knight

Charles M. Kovich Rockhurst College

Philip Krummrich Drury College

Mary Anne Kucserik Cedar Crest College

Joy Kuropatwa Brescia College

Douglas Edward LaPrade University of Texas-Pan American

Carol Lasker

State University of New York

Stony Brook

Michael M. Levy

University of Wisconsin-Stout

Leon Lewis

Appalachian State University

Ward B. Lewis University of Georgia

Henry J. Lindborg

Marian College of Fond du Lac

Robert J. Lysiak Appalachian State University

Sarah E. Maier

University of Alberta

James Maloney Humber College

Alfred H. Marks

State University of New York

at New Paltz

Madonna Coughlin Marsden

Rebecca E. Martin Pace University

Charles E. May California State University Long Beach

Richard A. Mazzara Oakland University

Laurence W. Mazzeno Ursuline College

Kathleen McCormack

Florida International University

Michael McCully Bloomsburg University

Contributors

xvn

Fred B. McEwen Waynesburg College

Daniel McGuiness

Loyola College, Baltimore

Robert J. McNutt University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Richard E. Meyer

Western Oregon State College

Karen Michalson University of Massachusetts at Amherst

Edmund Miller C. W. Post Campus Long Island University

Ray Miller, Jr. Wilmington College

Sally Mitchell

Temple University, Philadelphia

John David Moore

Eastern Illinois University

Robert A. Morace Daemen College

Mary Hurley Moran University of Georgia

Michael G. Moran University of Georgia

Claire Clements Morton Huntingdon College

Charmarne Allmon Mosby Western Kentucky University

Amanda Mott

Kevin P. Mulcahy Rutgers University

John Mulryan

St. Bonaventure University

Suzanne M. Munich

Leslie ODell

Wilfrid Laurier University

Robert M. Otten

Indiana University, Kokomo

Alice Conger Patterson Salem College

Sandra Manoogian Pearce Moorhead State University

Marilyn A. Perlberg

John R. Pfeiffer

Central Michigan University

Bonnie Plummer

Eastern Kentucky University

Marjorie J. Podolsky

Pennsylvania State University in Erie

The Behrend College

Janet Polansky

University of Wisconsin-Stout

Edward C. Reilly Arkansas State University

Martha E. Rhynes

Danny Robinson Bloomsburg University

Samuel J. Rogal

Illinois Valley Community College

Mary Rohrberger

xv in

Contributors

Lucy Rollin

Carl Rollyson

Baruch College

The City University of New York

Kathleen Rout Michigan State University

Joachim J, Scholz Washington College

Margaret K. Schramm Hartwick College

Wanda La Faye Seay

Barbara Kitt Seidman Linfield College

Steven Sera fin

Hunter College

City University of New York

Lynne Shackelford Furman University

Jack Shreve

Allegany Community College

R. Baird Shuman University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Charles L. P. Silet Iowa State University

Nelson C. Smith University of Victoria

Ron Smith

St. Christopher's School

(Catherine Snipes

Eastern Washington University

William C. Spencer Delta State University

Charlotte Spivack University of Massachusetts at Amherst

Eve Walsh Stoddard St. Lawrence University

William B. Stone Indiana University

H. R. Stoneback State University of New York-New Paltz

Gerald H. Strauss Bloomsburg University

Paul Shiewe

Emilie F. Sulkes Hebrew Union College

Elizabeth Q. Sullivan

State University of New York

at Farmingdale

Karen J. Taylor Drury College

William F. Touponce

Indiana University at Indianapolis

Elyse Trevers Five Towns College

Sara Jennifer Tyler Moorhead State University

Ingeborg Urcia

Eastern Washington University

J. K. Van Dover Lincoln University

Contributors

xix

Lauren Pringle De La Vars St. Bonaventure University

Larry Von a It

University of Missouri-Rolla

Laurie Walker

Eastern Michigan University

Nancy Walker Vanderbilt University

Susan J. Warwick

York University, Toronto

Robert H. Waugh

New Paltz College, SUNY

Mark A. Weinstein

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Mark I. West

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Robert D. Whipple, Jr. Creighton University

Hallie Anne White Harvard University

Robert F. Willson, Jr.

University of Missouri-Kansas City

Nancy Wilson

Southwest Texas State University

Stephen F. Wolfe Lin fie Id College

Linda Yoder Salem-Teikyo University

Bruce Young

Brigham Young University

xx

Contributors

Copyright ©, 1996, by Walton Beacham, AH rights to this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or in any information or storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, write the publisher, Beacham Publishing Corp., P.O. Box 830, Osprey, FL 34229-0830. All Rights Reserved.