Table of Contents

VOLUME 1:

PREFACE … V

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE … VII

COMPARISON OF THE FIVE-AND SIX-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS … VIII

PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE … IX

MEASUREMENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS … X

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS … XII

A

Absorption … 1

Acoustic Signals … 3

Adaptation … 6

African Cichlid Fishes … 8

Aggression … 10

Agnatha … 13

Allometry … 14

Altruism … 17

Amphibia … 19

Animal … 23

Animal Rights … 24

Animal Testing … 28

Annelida … 30

Antibody … 33

Antlers and Horns … 35

Apiculture … 36

Aposematism … 38

Aquaculture … 41

Aristotle … 44

Arthropoda … 46

Aves … 52

B

Bailey, Florence Augusta Merriam … 57

Bates, Henry Walter … 58

Behavior … 59

Behavioral Ecology … 62

Binomial (Linnaean System) … 64

Biodiversity … 65

Bioethics … 69

Biogeography … 73

Biological Evolution … 74

Biological Pest Control … 78

Biomass … 82

Biomechanics … 83

Biomes … 85

Biometry … 93

Biotic Factors … 95

Blood … 97

Body Cavities … 99

Body Plan … 105

Bone … 110

Burgess Shale and Ediacaran Faunas … 112

C

Cambrian Explosion … 115

Cambrian Period … 118

Camouflage … 120

Cancer … 122

Carboniferous … 126

Carson, Rachel … 128

Cartilage … 129

Catadromous—Diadromous and Anadromous Fishes … 130

Cell Division … 133

Cells … 135

Cephalization … 137

Cephalochordata … 140

Cestoda … 141

Chitin … 142

Chondricthyes … 144

Chordata … 147

Circadian Rhythm … 149

Circulatory System … 151

Classification Systems … 153

Cnidaria … 154

Coevolution … 157

Colonization … 162

Communication … 163

Community Ecology … 166

Comparative Biology … 170

Competition … 172

Competitive Exclusion … 175

Conservation Biology … 176

Constraints on Animal Development … 178

Continental Drift … 180

Convergence … 184

Courtship … 185

Crepuscular … 189

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 191

GLOSSARY … 195

TOPIC OUTLINE … 221

VOLUME ONE INDEX … 227

VOLUME TWO:

Cretaceous … 1

Cultures and Animals … 3

D

Darwin, Charles … 10

DDT … 11

Defense … 13

Devonian … 16

Diamond, Jared … 17

Digestion … 18

Digestive System … 20

Dinosaurs … 23

Diurnal … 26

Diversity of Major Groups … 26

Domestic Animals … 27

Dominance Hierarchy … 30

Drosophila … 33

E

Echinodermata … 35

Echolocation … 37

Ecologist … 40

Ecology … 41

Ecosystem … 45

Egg … 48

Elton, Charles Sutherland … 51

Embryology … 52

Embryonic Development … 53

Endangered Species … 61

Endocrine System … 64

Endosymbiosis … 68

Entomology … 71

Environment … 73

Environmental Degradation … 74

Environmental Impact … 78

Environmental Lawyer … 82

Ethology … 82

Eukaryota … 83

Evolutionary Stable Strategy … 85

Excretory and Reproductive Systems … 87

Exotic Species … 90

Expenditure Per Progeny … 95

Extinction … 97

Extremophile … 102

F

Farmer … 104

Farming … 104

Fausto-Sterling, Anne … 109

Feeding … 110

Feeding Strategies … 113

Fertilization … 116

Fitness … 118

Flight … 120

Food Web … 126

Foraging Strategies … 129

Fossey, Dian … 131

Fossil Fuels … 132

Fossil Record … 135

Functional Morphologist … 136

Functional Morphology … 137

G

Genes … 139

Genetic Engineering … 146

Genetic Variation in a Population … 151

Genetically Engineered Foods … 155

Geneticist … 157

Genetics … 158

Geological Time Scale … 162

Gills … 163

Gliding and Parachuting … 165

Global Warming … 166

Goodall, Jane … 170

Gould, Steven Jay … 172

Growth And Differentiation of the Nervous System … 173

H

Habitat … 177

Habitat Loss … 179

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 187

GLOSSARY … 191

TOPIC OUTLINE … 217

VOLUME TWO INDEX … 223

VOLUME THREE:

Habitat Restoration … 1

Haeckel's Law of Recapitulation … 5

Haldane, J.B.S. … 6

Herpetology … 7

Heterochrony … 8

Home Range … 11

Homeostasis … 12

Homology … 15

Hormones … 16

Horse Trainer … 19

Horses … 20

Human-Animal Conflicts … 24

Human Commensals and Mutual Organisms … 29

Human Evolution … 32

Human Populations … 38

Hunter-Gatherers … 43

Hunting … 45

I

Icthyology … 48

Imprinting … 49

Instinct … 51

Interspecies Interactions … 54

Iteroparity and Semelparity … 56

J

Jurassic … 59

K

K/T Boundary … 61

Keratin … 62

Keystone Species … 64

Kingdoms of Life … 66

L

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste … 69

Leakey, Louis and Mary … 70

Learning … 71

Levi-Montalcini, Rita … 73

Life History Strategies … 74

Linnaeus, Carolus … 77

Livestock Manager … 78

Living Fossils … 78

Locomotion … 82

Lorenz, Konrad … 91

M

MacArthur, Robert … 92

Malaria … 93

Malthus, Thomas Robert … 98

Mammalia … 99

Marine Biologist … 104

Mayr, Ernst … 105

Medical Doctor … 107

Mendel, Gregor … 107

Mesenchyme … 109

Metamorphosis … 111

Metazoan … 113

Migration … 116

Mimicry … 121

Modern Synthesis … 123

Molecular Biologist … 125

Molecular Biology … 126

Molecular Systematics … 127

Molluska … 130

Molting … 134

Morphological Evolution in Whales … 136

Morphology … 139

Mouth, Pharynx, and Teeth … 140

Muscular System … 142

Museum Curator … 145

N

Natural Resources … 146

Natural Selection … 149

Nematoda … 150

Nervous System … 153

Neuron … 159

Nocturnal … 162

O

Oligocene … 163

Ontogeny … 165

Ordovician … 166

Osteicthyes … 167

P

Paleontologist … 172

Paleontology … 174

Parasitism … 175

Pasteur, Louis … 180

PCR … 181

Peppered Moth … 185

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 189

GLOSSARY … 193

TOPIC OUTLINE … 219

VOLUME THREE INDEX … 225

VOLUME FOUR:

Permian … 1

Pesticide … 3

Phylogenetic Relationships of Major Groups … 6

Phylogenetics Systematics … 7

Physiologist … 9

Physiology … 9

Plankton … 12

Platyhelmithes … 13

Pleistocene … 14

Pollution … 17

Population Dynamics … 25

Populations … 30

Porifera … 34

Predation … 36

Primates … 39

Prokaryota … 42

Q

Quaternary … 44

R

Reproduction, Asexual and Sexual … 46

Reptilia … 48

Respiration … 52

Respiratory System … 55

Rotifera … 59

S

Scales, Feathers and Hair … 60

Scientific Illustrator … 63

Selective Breeding … 64

Sense Organs … 67

Serial Homology … 71

Service Animal Trainer … 73

Sexual Dimorphism … 74

Sexual Selection … 76

Shells … 80

Silent Spring … 82

Silurian … 83

Simpson, George Gaylord … 85

Skeletons … 86

Social Animals … 89

Sociality … 94

Sociobiology … 96

Spontaneous Generation … 97

Stevens, Nettie Maria … 98

Sustainable Agriculture … 99

Systematist … 102

T

Taxonomist … 103

Taxonomy … 104

Territoriality … 106

Tertiary … 107

Tetropods—From Water to Land … 110

Threatened Species … 113

Tool Use … 114

Transport … 117

Trematoda … 122

Triassic … 124

Trophic Level … 126

Turbellaria … 129

U

Urochordata … 130

V

Vertebrata … 131

Veterinarian … 134

Viruses … 135

Vision … 138

Vocalization … 141

Von Baer's Law … 143

W

Wallace, Alfred … 145

Water Economy in Desert Organisms … 146

Wild Game Manager … 149

Wildlife Biologist … 151

Wildlife Photographer … 152

Wilson, E.O. … 154

X

Xenopus … 155

Z

Zoological Parks … 158

Zoologist … 162

Zooplankton … 163

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 167

GLOSSARY … 171

TOPIC OUTLINE … 197

CUMULATIVE INDEX … 203