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For Your Reference
The following section provides information that is applicable to a number of articles in this reference work. Included are a metric measurement and conversion table, geologic timescale, diagrams of an animal cell and a plant cell, illustration of the structure of DNA nucleotides, detail of DNA nucleotides pairing up across the double helix, and a comparison of the molecular structure of DNA and RNA.
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ERA
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PERIOD
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EPOCH
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STARTED (millions of years ago)
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Cenozoic: 66.4 millions of years ago–present time
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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0.01
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Pleistocene
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1.6
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Pliocene
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5.3
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Miocene
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23.7
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Paleogene
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Oligocene
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36.6
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Eocene
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57.8
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Paleocene
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66.4
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Mesozoic: 245–66.4 millions of years ago
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Cretaceous
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Late
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97.5
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Early
|
144
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Jurassic
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Late
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163
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Middle
|
187
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|
Early
|
208
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Triassic
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Late
|
230
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|
Middle
|
240
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Early
|
245
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Paleozoic: 570–245 millions of years ago
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Permian
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Late
|
258
|
|
Early
|
286
|
|
Carboniferous
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Pennsylvanian
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Late
|
320
|
|
Mississippian
|
Early
|
360
|
|
Devonian
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Late
|
374
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|
Middle
|
387
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|
Early
|
408
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Silurian
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Late
|
421
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|
Early
|
438
|
|
Ordovician
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Late
|
458
|
|
Middle
|
478
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|
Early
|
505
|
|
Cambrian
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Late
|
523
|
|
Middle
|
540
|
|
Early
|
570
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Precambrian time: 4500–570 millions of years ago
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|
4500
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For Your Reference
Copyright © 2002 by Macmillan Reference USA
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