A

APPENDIX A

1. Access to Health Care
2. Activity Limitation
3. Adolescent Birth Rate
4. Alcohol Use
5. Birth Rates for Unmarried Women
6. Child Poverty
7. Childhood Immunizations
8. Cigarette Smoking
9. Difficulty Speaking English
10. Early Childhood Care and Education
11. Family Reading
12. Family Structure and Children's Living Arrangements
13. Food Security
14. General Health Status
15. Healthy Eating Index
16. Illicit Drug Use
17. Income Distribution
18. Mathematics Achievement
19. Mortality Rate for Children Ages 1 to 4
20. Mortality Rate for Children Ages 15 to 19
21. Number of Children under Age 18 in the United States
22. Percentage of Beginning Kindergartners with Selected Knowledge and Skills by Mother's Education
23. Percentage of Children Ages 2 to 18 by Age and Diet Quality as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index
24. Percentage of Children Ages 2 to 18 by Age, Poverty Status, and Diet Quality as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index
25. Percentage of Children by Type of Care Arrangement for Children from Birth through 3rd Grade
26. Percentage of Children under Age 18 Living in Areas That Do Not Meet at Least One of the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards
27. Percentage of Children under Age 18 Living in Various Family Arrangements
28. Percentage of Households with Children under Age 18 That Report Housing Problems
29. Percentage of Low-Birthweight Births
30. Percentage of 6th through 12th-grade Students Who Participated in Volunteer Activiti
31. Racial and Ethnic Composition
32. Reading Achievement
33. Serious Violent Juvenile Crime Rate
34. Youth Neither Enrolled in School Nor Working
35. Youth Victims of Serious Violent Crime

TABLE 1
Access to Health Care: Percentage of Children Under Age 18 Covered by Health Insurancea by Type of Health Insurance, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1987-1998
Characteristic	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
All health insurance
Total	87	87	87	87	87	87	86	86	86	85	85	85
Age
Ages 0-5	88	87	87	89	89	89	88	86	87	86	86	84
Ages 6-11	87	87	87	87	88	88	87	87	87	85	86	85
Ages 12-17	86	86	86	85	85	85	83	85	86	84	83	84
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	90	90	90	90	90	90	89	89	90	89	89	89
Black	83	84	84	85	85	86	84	83	85	81	81	80
Hispanicb	72	71	70	72	73	75	74	72	73	71	71	70
Private health insurance
Total	74	74	74	71	70	69	67	66	66	66	67	68
Age
Ages 0-5	72	71	71	68	66	65	63	60	60	62	63	64
Ages 6-11	74	74	75	73	71	71	70	67	67	67	68	68
Ages 12-17	75	76	76	73	72	71	69	70	71	70	70	65
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	83	83	83	81	80	80	78	77	78	78	78	79
Black	49	50	52	49	45	46	46	43	44	45	48	47
Hispanicb	48	48	48	45	43	42	42	38	38	40	42	43
Government health insurancec
Total	19	19	19	22	24	25	27	26	26	25	23	23
Age
Ages 0-5	22	23	24	28	30	33	35	33	33	31	29	27
Ages 6-11	19	18	18	20	22	23	25	25	26	25	23	23
Ages 12-17	16	16	15	18	19	19	20	20	21	19	19	19
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	12	13	13	15	16	17	19	18	18	18	17	16
Black	42	42	41	45	48	49	50	48	49	45	40	42
Hispanicb	28	27	27	32	37	38	41	38	39	35	34	31
aChildren are considered to be covered by health insurance if they had public or private coverage at any time during the year. Some children are covered by bothtypes of insurance; hence, the sum of public and private is greater than the total.
bPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
cGovernment health insurance for children consists mostly of Medicaid, but also includes Medicare, SCHIP (the State Children's Health Insurance Program), and CHAMPUS (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services). CHAMPUS is being replaced by tricar
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, unpublished tables based on analyses from the March Current Population Survey.

TABLE 2
Activity Limitation: Percentage of Children Under Age 18 with Any Limitation in Activity Resulting from Chronic Conditionsa by Age, Gender, Poverty Status, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Selected Years 1984-1997
Characteristic	1984	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997b
Children ages 0-17
Total	5.0	4.9	5.8	6.1	6.6	6.7	6.0	6.1	6.5
Gender
Male	5.9	5.6	6.8	7.1	7.8	7.9	7.4	7.4	8.3
Female	4.0	4.2	4.7	5.0	5.3	5.6	4.6	4.7	4.7
Poverty status
Below poverty	7.1	6.7	8.8	9.2	9.5	9.7	9.2	9.7	8.8
At or above poverty	4.4	4.6	5.1	5.3	5.9	6.0	5.4	5.3	6.4
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	4.9	5.0	5.8	6.0	6.7	6.6	6.0	5.7	7.0
Black, non-Hispanic	5.6	5.5	6.7	7.5	7.7	8.9	7.3	8.4	7.3
Hispanicc	4.7	4.1	5.5	5.3	5.6	5.7	5.8	6.3	4.8
Children ages 0-4
Total	2.5	2.2	2.4	2.8	2.8	3.1	2.7	2.6	3.4
Gender
Male	2.7	2.6	2.7	3.3	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.3	4.2
Female	2.3	1.7	2.1	2.2	2.5	2.7	2.0	1.7	2.7
Poverty status
Below poverty	4.0	3.0	4.3	4.5	4.3	5.2	3.9	4.9	4.5
At or above poverty	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.4	1.7	3.2
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	2.3	2.1	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.7	2.7	1.8	3.6
Black, non-Hispanic	3.3	2.9	3.2	4.2	4.7	5.0	3.5	4.8	4.5
Hispanicc	2.5	2.0	1.8	2.5	2.7	3.1	2.5	3.4	2.4
Children ages 5-17
Total	6.1	6.1	7.2	7.5	8.1	8.2	7.4	7.5	7.7
Gender
Male	7.3	6.9	8.5	8.7	9.8	9.7	9.0	9.0	9.9
Female	4.8	5.2	5.9	6.2	6.4	6.7	5.6	5.9	5.5
Poverty status
Below poverty	8.7	8.5	11.0	11.7	12.2	11.9	11.8	12.1	10.7
At or above poverty	5.5	5.6	6.4	6.6	7.2	7.4	6.5	6.6	7.5
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	6.0	6.2	7.1	7.4	8.4	8.1	7.2	7.1	8.2
Black, non-Hispanic	6.7	6.7	8.2	9.0	9.0	10.6	8.9	9.8	8.3
Hispanicc	5.8	5.1	7.2	6.7	7.1	7.0	7.5	7.7	5.9
a Chronic conditions usually have a duration of more than 3 months, e.g., asthma, hearing impairment, diabetes. Persons are not classified as limited in activity unless one or more chronic conditions are reported as the cause of the limitation.
b In 1997, the National Health Interview Survey was redesigned. Data for 1997 are not strictly comparable with earlier data.
c Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.

TABLE 3
Adolescent Birth Rate by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Selected Years 1980-1998
(Live births per 1,000 females in specified age group)
Characteristic	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
All races
Ages 10-14	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.0
Ages 15-17	32.5	31.0	37.5	38.7	37.8	37.8	37.6	36.0	33.8	32.1	30.4
Ages 18-19	82.1	79.6	88.6	94.4	94.5	92.1	91.5	89.1	86.0	83.6	82.0
Ages 15-19	53.0	51.0	59.9	62.1	60.7	59.6	58.9	56.8	54.4	52.3	51.1
White, total
Ages 10-14	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.6
Ages 15-17	25.5	24.4	29.5	30.7	30.1	30.3	30.7	30.0	28.4	27.1	25.9
Ages 18-19	73.2	70.4	78.0	83.5	83.8	82.1	82.1	81.2	78.4	75.9	74.6
Ages 15-19	45.4	43.3	50.8	52.8	51.8	51.1	51.1	50.1	48.1	46.3	45.4
White, non-Hispanic
Ages 10-14	0.4	-	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ages 15-17	22.4	-	23.2	23.6	22.7	22.7	22.8	22.0	20.6	19.4	18.4
Ages 18-19	67.7	-	66.6	70.5	69.8	67.7	67.4	66.1	63.7	61.9	60.6
Ages 15-19	41.2	-	42.5	43.4	41.7	40.7	40.4	39.3	37.6	36.0	35.2
Black, total
Ages 10-14	4.3	4.5	4.9	4.8	4.7	4.6	4.6	4.2	3.6	3.3	2.9
Ages 15-17	72.5	69.3	82.3	84.1	81.3	79.8	76.3	69.7	64.7	60.8	56.8
Ages 18-19	135.1	132.4	152.9	158.6	157.9	151.9	148.3	137.1	132.5	130.1	126.9
Ages 15-19	97.8	95.4	112.8	115.5	112.4	108.6	104.5	96.1	91.4	88.2	85.4
Black, non-Hispanic
Ages 10-14	4.6	-	5.0	4.9	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.3	3.8	3.4	3.0
Ages 15-17	77.2	-	84.9	86.7	83.9	82.5	78.6	72.1	66.6	62.6	58.8
Ages 18-19	146.5	-	157.5	163.1	162.9	156.7	152.9	141.9	136.6	134.0	139.0
Ages 15-19	105.1	-	116.2	118.9	116.0	112.2	107.7	99.3	94.2	90.8	88.2
Hispanic a
Ages 10-14	1.7	-	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.3	2.1
Ages 15-17	52.1	-	65.9	70.6	71.4	71.7	74.0	72.9	69.0	66.3	62.3
Ages 18-19	126.9	-	147.7	158.5	159.7	159.1	158.0	157.9	151.1	144.3	140.1
Ages 15-19	82.2	-	100.3	106.7	107.1	106.8	107.7	106.7	101.8	97.4	93.6
American Indian/Alaska Native
Ages 10-14	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.6
Ages 15-17	51.5	47.7	48.5	52.7	53.8	53.7	51.3	47.8	46.4	45.3	44.4
Ages 18-19	129.5	124.1	129.3	134.3	132.6	130.7	130.3	130.7	122.3	117.6	118.4
Ages 15-19	82.2	79.2	81.1	85.0	84.4	83.1	80.8	78.0	73.9	71.8	72.1
Asian/Pacific Islander
Ages 10-14	0.3	0.4	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.4
Ages 15-17	12.0	12.5	16.0	16.1	15.2	16.0	16.1	15.4	14.9	14.3	13.8
Ages 18-19	46.2	40.8	40.2	43.1	43.1	43.3	44.1	43.4	40.4	39.3	38.3
Ages 15-19	26.2	23.8	26.4	27.4	26.6	27.0	27.1	26.1	24.6	23.7	23.1
- = not available
a Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. T rend data for Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area in which an item on Hispanic origin is included on the birth certificate as well as by immigration. These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the His panic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. The number of States in the reporting area increased from 22 in 1980 to 23 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983-87, 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC in 1991-92, and 50 and DC in 1993. Rates in 1981-88 were not calculated for Hispanics and white, non-Hispanics because estimates for these populations were not available. Recent declines in teenage birth rates parallel but outpace the reductions in birth rates for unmarried teenagers (POP6A). Birth rates for married teenagers have fallen sharply in the 1990s, but relatively few teenagers are married.
SOURCE: Centers for Diease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. Ventura, S.J., Martin, J.A., Curtin, S.C., Mathews, T.J., and Park. M.N. (2000). Births: Final data for 1998. National Vital Statistics Reports, 48 (3). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Mathews, T.J., Ventura, S.J., Curtin, S.C., and Martin, J.A. (1998) Births of Hispanic origin, 1989-95. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 46 (6 , Supplement). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, Taffel, S.M. (1984). Birth andfertility rates for States: United States, 1990. Vital and Health Statistics, 42 (Series 21). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

TABLE 4
Alcohol Use: Percentage of Students who Reported having Five or More Drinks in a Row in the Past Weeks by Grade, Gender, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Selected Years 1980-1999
Characteristic	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
8th-graders
Total	-	-	-	12.9	13.4	13.5	14.5	14.5	15.6	14.5	13.7	15.2
Gender
Male	-	-	-	14.3	13.9	14.8	16.0	15.1	16.5	15.3	14.4	16.4
Female	-	-	-	11.4	12.8	12.3	13.0	13.9	14.5	13.5	12.7	13.9
Race and Hispanic origina
White	-	-	-	-	12.7	12.6	12.9	13.9	15.1	15.1	14.1	14.3
Black	-	-	-	-	9.6	10.7	11.8	10.8	10.4	10.4	9.0	9.9
Hispanicb	-	-	-	-	20.4	21.4	22.3	22.0	21.0	20.7	20.4	20.9
10th-graders
Total	-	-	-	22.9	21.1	23.0	23.6	24.0	24.8	25.1	24.3	25.6
Gender
Male	-	-	-	26.4	23.7	26.5	28.5	26.3	27.2	28.6	26.7	29.7
Female	-	-	-	19.5	18.6	19.3	18.7	21.5	22.3	21.7	22.2	21.8
Race and Hispanic origina
Whites	-	-	-	-	23.2	23.0	24.5	25.4	26.2	26.9	27.0	27.2
Black	-	-	-	-	15.0	14.8	14.0	13.3	12.2	12.7	12.8	12.7
Hispanicb	-	-	-	-	22.9	23.8	24.2	26.8	29.6	27.5	26.3	27.5
12th-graders
Total	41.2	36.7	32.2	29.8	27.9	27.5	28.2	29.8	30.2	31.3	31.5	30.8
Gender
Male	52.1	45.3	39.1	37.8	35.6	34.6	37.0	36.9	37.0	37.9	39.2	38.1
Female	30.5	28.2	24.4	21.2	20.3	20.7	20.2	23.0	23.5	24.4	24.0	23.6
Race and Hispanic origina
White	44.3	41.5	36.6	34.6	32.1	31.3	31.5	32.3	33.4	35.1	36.4	35.7
Black	17.7	15.7	14.4	11.7	11.3	12.6	14.4	14.9	15.3	13.4	12.3	12.3
Hispanicb	33.1	31.7	25.6	27.9	31.0	27.2	24.3	26.6	27.1	27.6	28.1	29.3
- = not available
aExamples for race and Hispanic origin represent the mean of the specified year and the previous year. Data have been combined to increase subgroup sample sizes, thus providing more stable estimates.
bPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
SOURCE: Johnson, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., and Bachman, J.G., (1999). National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1998 (NIH Publication No. 99-4660). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and Institute for Social Research. University of Michigan, Press release of December 17, 1999, and unpublished data from Monitoring the Future, Universityof Michigan.

TABLE 5
Birth Rates for Unmarried Women by Age of Mother, Selected Years 1980-1998
(Live births to unmarried women per 1,000 in specific age group)
Age of mother	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
Total ages 15-44	29.4	32.8	43.8	45.2	45.2	45.3	46.9	45.1	44.8	44.0	44.3
Age group
Ages 15-17	20.6	22.4	29.6	30.9	30.4	30.6	32.0	30.5	29.0	28.2	27.0
Ages 18-19	39.0	45.9	60.7	65.7	67.3	66.9	70.1	67.6	65.9	65.2	64.5
Ages 20-24	40.9	46.5	65.1	68.0	68.5	69.2	72.2	70.3	70.7	71.0	72.3
Ages 25-29	34.0	39.9	56.0	56.5	56.5	57.1	59.0	56.1	56.8	56.2	58.4
Ages 30-34	21.1	25.2	37.6	38.1	37.9	38.5	40.1	39.6	41.1	39.0	39.1
Ages 35-39	9.7	11.6	17.3	18.0	18.8	19.0	19.8	19.5	20.1	19.0	19.0
Ages 40-44	2.6	2.5	3.6	3.8	4.1	4.4	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.6
Note: Nonmarital birth rates for 1989-93 are somewhat understated because births to unmarried women were substantially underreported in Michigan and Texas; data since 1994 have been reported on a complete basis. Thus, the overall increase in nonmarital birth rates between 1980 and 1994 is acurately recorded here, However, the rates for 1989-93, if computed on the basis of complete data, would have been higher than the rates shown here, and the peak years for the rates would have occurred in the early 1990s rather than in 1994. Ventura, S.J., Martin, J.A., Curtin, S.C., and Mathews, T.J. (1996). Advance report of final natality statistics, 1994. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 44 (11, Supplement). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. Ventura, S.J., Martin. J.A., Curtin, S.C., Mathews. T.J., and Park, M.M. (2000). Births: Final data for 1998. National Vital Statistics Reports, g48 (3), Hyattsville, MD:National Center for Health Statistics.

TABLE 6
Child Poverty: Percentage of Related Children Under Age 18 Living Below Selected Poverty Levels by Age, Family Structure, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Selected Years 1980-1998
Characteristic	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1995	1997	1998
Under 100 percent of poverty
Children all families
Related children	18	20	20	21	22	22	21	20	20	19	18
White, non-Hispanic	-	-	12	12	12	13	12	11	10	11	10
Black	42	43	44	46	46	46	43	42	40	37	36
Hispanica	33	40	38	40	39	40	41	39	40	36	34
Related children under age 6	20	23	23	24	26	26	25	24	23	22	21
Related children ages 6-17	17	19	18	20	19	20	20	18	18	18	17
Children in married-couple families
Related children	-	-	10	11	11	12	11	10	10	10	9
White, non-Hispanic	-	-	7	7	7	8	7	6	5	5	5
Black	-	-	18	15	18	18	15	13	14	13	12
Hispanica	-	-	27	29	29	30	30	28	29	26	23
Related children under age 6	-	-	12	12	13	13	12	11	12	11	10
Related children ages 6-17	-	-	10	10	10	11	10	9	9	9	9
Children in female-householder families, no husband present
Related children	51	54	53	56	55	54	53	50	49	49	46
White, non-Hispanic	-	-	40	41	40	39	38	34	35	37	33
Black	65	67	65	68	67	66	63	62	58	55	55
Hispanica	65	72	68	69	66	66	68	66	67	63	60
Related children under age 6	65	66	66	66	66	64	64	62	59	59	55
Related children ages 6-17	46	48	47	50	49	49	47	45	45	45	42
All childrenb	18	21	21	22	22	23	22	21	21	20	19
Under 50 percent of poverty
Children in all families
Related children	7	8	8	9	10	10	9	8	8	8	8
White, non-Hispanic	-	-	4	5	5	5	4	3	4	4	4
Black	17	22	22	25	27	26	23	20	20	20	17
Hispanica	-	-	14	14	15	14	17	16	14	16	13
Under 150 percent of poverty
Children in all families
Related children	29	32	31	32	33	33	32	32	31	30	29
White, non-Hispanic	-	-	21	21	21	22	21	19	19	19	18
Black	57	59	57	60	60	61	58	56	56	51	52
Hispanica	-	-	55	58	58	60	58	59	57	56	52
- = not available
a Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
b Related and non-related children. Note: Estimates refer to children who are related to the householder and who are under age 18. The poverty level is based on money income and does not include noncash benefits, such as food stamps. Poverty thresholds reflect family size and composition and are adjusted each year using the annual average Consumer Price Index (CPI) level. The poverty threshold for a family of four was $16,660 in 1998. The levels shown here are derived from the ratio of the family's income to the familys poverty threshold. Related children include biological children, adopted children and stepchildren of the householder and all other children in the household related to the householder (or reference person) by blood, adoption, or marriage. For more detail, see U.S. Census Bureau, Series P-60, No. 207.
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, March Current Population Survey, Current Population Reports, Consumer income, Series P-60, various years.

TABLE 7
Childhood Immunizations: Percentage of Children Ages 19 to 35 Months Vaccinated for Selected Diseases by Poverty Status, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1994-1998
	Total					Below poverty					At or above poverty
Characteristic	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
Total
Combined series (4:3:1:3)a	a	61	67	69	71	74	72	77	80	79	82
Combined series (4:3:1)b	75	76	78	78	81	66	67	71	73	76	77	79	81	80	83
DTP (4 doses or more) c	76	79	81	81	84	69	71	73	76	80	79	81	84	84	86
Polio (3 doses or more)	83	88	91	91	91	78	84	88	90	90	85	89	92	92	92
Measles-containingb	89	90	91	91	92	87	85	87	86	90	90	91	92	92	93
Hib (3 doses or more)e	86	92	92	93	93	81	88	88	90	91	88	93	93	94	95
Hepatitis B (3 doses of more)f	37	68	82	81	87	25	64	78	80	85	41	69	83	85	88
Varicellag	-	-	12	26	43	-	-	5	17	41	-	-	15	29	44
White, non-Hispanic
Combined series (4:3:1:3)a	72	77	79	79	82	-	68	68	70	77	-	79	81	76	83
Combined series (4:3:1)b	78	79	80	80	83	-	-	70	73	79	-	-	82	82	84
DTP (4 doses or more)c	80	81	83	84	87	-	-	72	76	82	-	-	85	85	88
Polio (3 doses or more)	85	89	92	92	92	-	-	88	90	91	-	-	93	92	93
Measles-containingd	90	91	92	92	93	-	-	86	85	91	-	-	93	93	94
Hib (3 doses or more)e	87	93	93	94	95	-	-	87	90	92	-	-	94	95	96
Hepatitis B (3 doses or more)f	40	68	82	85	88	-	-	75	80	87	-	-	83	85	88
Varicellag	-	-	15	28	42	-	-	6	17	37	-	-	16	29	43
Black, non-Hispanic
Combined series (4:3:1:3)a	67	70	74	73	73	-	66	70	72	72	-	75	78	80	74
Combined series (4:3:1)b	70	72	76	74	74	-	-	73	72	74	-	-	80	78	76
DTP (4 doses or more)c	72	74	79	78	77	-	-	75	76	77	-	-	82	80	79
Polio (3 doses or more)	79	84	90	90	88	-	-	88	90	88	-	-	92	91	87
Measles-containingd	86	86	89	90	89	-	-	88	88	89	-	-	91	92	90
Hib (3 doses of more) e	85	89	90	92	90	-	-	87	92	90	-	-	92	94	90
Hepatitis B (3 doses or more)f	29	65	82	83	84	-	-	79	82	86	-	-	86	84	83
Varicellag	-	-	9	21	42	-	-	3	16	40	-	-	13	27	44
Hispanich
Combined series (4:3:1:3)a	62	69	71	72	75	-	65	68	71	73	-	72	74	77	79
Combined series (4:3:1)b	68	72	73	74	77	-	-	70	72	76	-	-	75	77	80
DTP (4 doses of more)c	70	75	77	77	81	-	-	73	75	79	-	-	79	80	83
Polio (3 doses or more)	81	87	89	90	89	-	-	88	89	90	-	-	90	90	90
Measles-containingd	88	88	88	88	91	-	-	88	86	91	-	-	89	89	93
Hib (3 doses of more)e	84	90	89	90	92	-	-	88	89	92	-	-	90	92	94
Hepatitis B (3 doses or more)f	33	69	80	81	86	-	-	79	79	83	-	-	82	84	88
Varicellag	-	-	8	22	47	-	-		6	18	44	-	-	11	25	48
- = not available
aThe 4:3:1:3 combined series consists of 4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine(DTP), 3 doses of polio vaccine, 1 dose of a measles-containing vaccine (MCV), and 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine.
bThe 4:3:1 combined series consists of 4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP), 3 doses of polio vaccine, and 1 dose of a measles-containing vaccine (MCV).
cDiphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine.
dRespondents were asked about measles-containing vaccine, including MMR (measles-mumps-rebella) vaccines.
eHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine.
fThe percentage of children 19 to 35 months of age who received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine was low in 1994, because universal infant vaccination with a 3-dose series was not recommended until November 1991.
gRecommended in July 1996. Administered on or after the first birthday.
hPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics and National Immunization Program, National Immunization Survey.

TABLE 8
Cigarette Smoking: Percentage of Students Who Reported Smoking Cigarettes Daily in the Previous 30 Days by Grade, Gender, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1980-1999
Characteristic	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
8th-graders
Total	-	-	-	7.2	7.0	8.3	8.8	9.3	10.4	9.0	8.8	8.1
Gender
Male	-	-	-	8.1	6.9	8.8	9.5	9.2	10.5	9.0	8.1	7.4
Female	-	-	-	6.2	7.2	7.8	8.0	9.2	10.1	8.7	9.0	8.4
Race and Hispanic origina
White	-	-	-	-	7.7	8.8	9.7	10.5	11.7	11.4	10.4	9.7
Black	-	-	-	-	1.4	1.8	2.6	2.8	3.2	3.7	3.8	3.8
Hispanicb	-	-	-	-	7.3	7.2	9.0	9.2	8.0	8.1	8.4	8.5
10th-graders
Total	-	-	-	12.6	12.3	14.2	14.6	16.3	18.3	18.0	15.8	15.9
Gender
Male	-	-	-	12.4	12.1	13.8	15.2	16.3	18.1	17.2	14.7	15.6
Female	-	-	-	12.5	12.4	14.3	13.7	16.1	18.6	18.5	16.8	15.9
Race and Hispanic origina
White	-	-	-	-	14.5	15.3	16.5	17.6	20.0	21.4	20.3	19.1
Black	-	-	-	-	2.8	3.1	3.8	4.7	5.1	5.6	5.8	5.3
Hispanicb	-	-	-	-	8.4	8.9	8.1	9.9	11.6	10.8	9.4	9.1
12th-graders
Total	21.3	19.5	19.1	18.5	17.2	19.0	19.4	21.6	22.2	24.6	22.4	23.1
Gender
Male	18.5	17.8	18.6	18.8	17.2	19.4	20.4	21.7	22.2	24.8	22.7	23.6
Female	23.5	20.6	19.3	17.9	16.7	18.2	18.1	20.8	21.8	23.6	21.5	22.2
Race and Hispanic origina
White	23.9	20.4	21.8	21.5	20.5	21.4	22.9	23.9	25.4	27.8	28.3	26.9
Black	17.4	9.9	5.8	5.1	4.2	4.1	4.9	6.1	7.0	7.2	7.4	7.7
Hispanicb	12.8	11.8	10.9	11.5	12.5	11.8	10.6	11.6	12.9	14.0	13.6	14.0
- = not available
a Estimates for race and Hispanic origin represent the mean of the specified year and the previous year. Data have been combined to increase subgroup sample sizes, thus providing more stable estimates.
bPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
SOURCE: Johnston, L.D., ÓMalley, P.M., and Bachman, J.G. (1999). National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1998 (NIH Publication No. 99-4660). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Table 2-2. Data are from the study, Monitoring the Future, University of Michigan. Press release of December 17, 1999, and unpublished data from Monitoring the Future, University of Michigan.

TABLE 9
Difficulty Speaking English: Children Ages 5 to 17 Who Speak a Language Other than English at Home, and Who are Reported to Have Difficulty Speaking Englisha by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Region, Selected Years 1979-1995
Characteristic	1979	1989	1992	1995b
Children who speak another language at home
Number (in millions)	3.8	5.3	6.4	6.7
Percentage of children ages 5-17	8.5	12.6	14.2	14.1
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	3.2	3.5	3.7	3.6
Black, non-Hispanic	1.3	2.4	4.2	3.0
Hispanicc	75.1	71.2	76.6	73.9
Other, non-Hispanicd	44.1	53.4	58.3	45.5
Regione
Northeast	10.5	13.5	16.2	15.1
Midwest	3.7	4.9	5.6	5.9
South	6.8	10.7	11.1	11.7
West	17.0	24.2	27.2	26.4
Children who speak another language at home and have difficulty speaking English
Number (in millions)	1.3	1.9	2.2	2.4
Percentage of children ages 5-17	2.8	4.4	4.9	5.1
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.7
Black, non-Hispanic	0.3	0.5	1.3	0.9
Hispanicc	28.7	27.4	29.9	31.0
Other, non-Hispanicd	19.8	20.4	21.0	14.1
Regione
Northeast	2.9	4.8	5.3	5.0
Midwest	1.1	1.3	1.6	2.3
South	2.2	3.8	3.5	3.4
West	6.5	8.8	10.4	11.4
a Respondents were asked if the children in the household spoke a language other than English at home and how well they could speak English. Categories used for reporting were "Very well," "Well," "Not well," and "Not at all." All those reported to speak English less than "Very well" were considered to have difficulty speaking English based on an evaluation of the English-speaking ability of a sample of the children in the 1980s.
b Numbers in 1995 may reflect changes in the Current Population Survey because of newly instituted computer-assisted interviewing techniques and/or because of the change in the population controls to the 1990 Census-based estimates with adjustments.
cPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
dMost in this category are Asians/Pacific Islanders, but American Indian/Alaska Native children also are included.
e Regions: Northeast includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Midwestincludes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. South includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. West includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
Note: All nonresponses to the language questions are excluded from the tabulations.
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, October (1992 and 1995) and November (1979 and 1989) Current Population Surveys. Tabulated by the National Center for Education Statistics.

TABLE 10
Early Childhood Care and Education: Percentage of Children Ages 3 to 5a Who Are Enrolled in Center-Based Early Childhood Care and Education Programsb by Child and Family Characteristics, Selected Years 1991-1999
Characteristic	1991	1993	1995	1996	1999
Total	53	53	55	55	59
Gender
Male	52	53	55	55	61
Female	53	53	55	55	58
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	54	54	57	57	59
Black, non-Hispanic	58	57	60	65	73
Hispanicc	39	43	37	39	44
Other	53	51	57	45	66
Poverty statusd
Below poverty	44	49	45	44	52
At or above poverty	56	53	59	59	62
Family type
Two parents	50	52	55	54	59
One or no parent	54	54	56	58	61
Mother's highest level of educatione
Less than high school graduate	32	33	35	37	40
High school graduate/GED	46	43	48	49	51
Vocational/Technical or some college	60	60	57	58	63
College graduate	72	73	75	73	74
Mother's employment statuse, f
Worked 35 hours or more per week	59	61	60	63	64
Worked less than 35 hours per week	58	57	62	64	63
Looking for work	43	48	52	47	55
Not in labor force	45	44	47	43	53
aEstimates are based on children who have yet to enter kindergarten.
bCenter-based programs include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschool, nursery school, prekindergarten, and other early childhood programs.
cPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
dPoverty estimates for 1991 and 1993 are not comparable to later years because respondents were not asked exact household income.
eChildren without mothers in the home are not included in estimates dealing with mother's education or mother's employment status.
fUnemployed mothers are not shown separately but are included in the total.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey.

TABLE 11
Family Reading: Percentage of Children Ages 3 to 5a Who Were Read to Every Day in the Last Week by a Family Member by Child and Family Characteristics, Selected Years 1993-1999
Characteristic	1993	1995	1996	1999
Total	53	58	57	53
Gender
Male	51	57	56	51
Female	54	59	57	54
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic	59	65	64	61
Black, non-Hispanic	39	43	44	41
Hispanicb	37	38	39	33
Poverty statusc
Below poverty	44	48	46	38
At or above poverty	56	62	61	58
Family type
Two parents	55	61	61	57
One or no parent	46	49	46	42
Mother's highest level of educationd
Less than high school graduate	37	40	37	38
High school graduate/GED	48	48	49	44
Vocational/technical or some college	57	64	62	53
College graduate	71	76	77	70
Mother's employment statusd, e
Worked 35 hours or more per week	52	55	54	48
Worked less than 35 hours per week	56	63	59	55
Not in labor force	55	60	59	60
aEstimates are based on children who have yet to enter kindergarten.
bPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
cPoverty estimates for 1993 are not comparable to later years because respondents were not asked exact household income.
dChildren without mothers in the home are not included in estimates dealing with mother's education or mother's employment status.
eUnemployed mothers are not shown separately but are included in the total.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey.

TABLE 12
Family Structure and Children's Living Arrangements: Percentage of Children Under Age 18 by Presence of Parents in Household, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Selected Years 1980-1999
Race, Hispanic origin, and family type	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
Total
Two parentsa	77	74	73	72	71	71	69	69	68	68	68	68
Mother onlyb	18	21	22	22	23	23	23	23	24	24	23	23
Father onlyb	22		333			3	3	4	4	4	4	4
No parent	4	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	4
White, non-Hispanic
Two parentsa	-	-	81	80	79	79	79	78	77	77	76	77
Mother onlyb	-	-	15	15	16	16	16	16	16	17	16	16
Father onlyb	-	-	333			3	3	3	4	4	5	4
No parent	-	-	2	2	1	1	3	3	3	3	3	3
Black
Two parentsa	42	39	38	36	36	36	33	33	33	35	36	35
Mother onlyb	44	51	51	54	54	54	53	52	53	52	51	52
Father onlyb	23		443			3	4	4	4	5	4	4
No parent	12	7	8	7	7	7	10	11	9	8	9	10
Hispanicc
Two parentsa	75	68	67	66	65	65	63	63	62	64	64	63
Mother onlyb	20	27	27	27	28	28	28	28	29	27	27	27
Father onlyb	22		334			4	4	4	4	4	4	5
No parent	3	3	3	4	3	4	5	4	5	5	5	5
- = not available
a Excludes families where parents are not living as a married couple.
b Includes some families where both parents are present in the household, but living as unmarried partners.
c Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Note: Family structure refers to the presence of biological, adoptive, and stepparents in the child's household. Thus, a child with a biological mother and stepfather living in the household is said to have two parents.
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Martal status and living arrangements, Current Population Reports, annual reports. (Beginning in 1995, detailed tables are available on the Census Bureau website.)

TABLE 13
Food Security: Percentage of Children Under Age 18 in Households Experiencing Food Insecurity by Level of Hunger and Poverty Status, Selected Years 1995-1999
Characteristic	1995	1998	1999
All children
Food insecure without hunger	13.3	15.0	13.1
Food insecure with moderate
or severe hunger	6.1	4.7	3.8
Food insecure with
moderate hunger	5.1	4.0	3.3
Food insecure with
severe hunger	1.0	0.7	0.5
Below poverty
Food insecure without hunger	28.7	34.5	32.2
Food insecure with moderate
or severe hunger	15.6	14.2	11.8
Food insecure with
moderate hunger	12.9	11.8	10.2
Food insecure with
severe hunger	2.8	2.4	1.6
At or above poverty
Food insecure without hunger	8.2	10.3	8.7
Food insecure with moderate
or severe hunger	3.0	2.3	1.9
Food insecure with
moderate hunger	2.7	1.9	1.6
Food insecure with
severe hunger	0.4	0.4	0.3
Note: The Food Security Scale, the percentage of children under age 18 in households experiencing food insecurity with moderate to severe hunger , is based on the food security scale derived from data collected in the Food Security Supplement to the Current Population Survey. The food security scale provides a near-continuous measure of the level of food insecurity and hunger experienced within each household. A categorical measure based on the scale classifies households according to four designated levels of severity of household food insecurity: food secure, food insecure without hunger, food insecure with moderate hunger, and food insecure with severe hunger. Food-secure households do not report a pattern of difficulty obtaining enough or acceptable quality food. Food-insecure households without hunger report having difficulty obtaining enough food, reduced quality of diets, anxiety about their food supply, and increasingly resorting to emergency food sources and other coping behaviors, but do not report indicators of hunger. Food-insecure households with moderate hunger report food insecurity and a pattern of indicators of hunger for one or more adults and, in some cases, for children. Food-insecure households with severe hunger report multiple indicators of both adults' and children' s hunger. For a detailed explanation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Department of Health and Human Services Food Security Measurement scale, see Food and Nutrition Service (1997), Household food security in the United States in 1995 and 2000. Guide to measuring household food security, Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service.
Data for 1996 and 1997 are not strictly comparable with data for 1995, 1997 and 1999 due to methodology differences. In previous reports, data for 1995 were made consistent with 1996 and 1997 data. In this report, the 1996 and 1997 data have been omitted, but the 1995 data are retained because, although screened on a different basis than the revised method adopted in 1998 and 1999, this had little effect on prevalence estimates. The 1996 and 1997 data, however, cannot readily be adjusted to be comparable.
SOURCE : U.S. Census Bureau, Food Security Supplement to the Current Population Survey.

TABLE 14
General Health Status: Percentage of Children Under Age 18 in Very Good or Excellent Health by Age and Poverty Status, Selected Years 1984-1997
Age and poverty status	1984	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997a
Children ages 0-17
Total	78	81	80	80	79	79	81	80	81
Poverty status
Below poverty	62	66	65	65	64	64	65	64	68
At or above poverty	82	84	83	83	83	83	85	84	86
Children ages 0-4
Total	79	81	81	80	80	81	81	81	84
Poverty status
Below poverty	66	69	68	67	68	68	66	68	74
At or above poverty	82	84	84	84	84	84	86	85	88
Children ages 5-17
Total	77	80	80	80	79	79	81	79	81
Poverty status
Below poverty	60	64	64	64	63	62	64	62	65
At or above poverty	81	84	83	83	82	82	85	83	85
Children ages 5-17
Total	77	80	80	80	79	79	81	79	81
Poverty status
Below poverty	60	64	64	64	63	62	64	62	65
At or above poverty	81	84	83	83	82	82	85	83	85
aIn 1997, the National Health Interview Survey was redesigned. Data for 1997 are not strictly comparable with earlier data.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.

TABLE 15
Healthy Eating Index: Overall and Component Mean Scores for Children, 3-Year Average 1994-1996
Component	Ages 2-3	Ages 4-6	Ages 7-10	Ages 11-14		Ages 15-18
	All	All	All	Females	Males	Females	Males
Overall HEI score	73.8	67.8	66.6	63.5	62.2	60.9	60.7
1.	Grains	8.3	7.2	7.6	6.7	7.2	6.3	7.5
	(54)	(27)	(31)	(16)	(29)	(17)	(34)
2.	Vegetables	5.9	4.9	5.1	5.5	5.4	5.8	6.3
	(31)	(16)	(20)	(24)	(23)	(26)	(35)
3.	Fruits	7	5.3	4.3	3.9	3.5	3.1	2.8
	(53)	(29)	(18)	(14)	(9)	(12)	(11)
4.	Milk	7.2	7.4	7.6	5.2	6.2	4.2	6.1
	(44)	(44)	(49)	(15)	(27)	(12)	(28)
5.	Meat	6.3	5.3	5.5	5.7	6.5	5.8	6.9
	(28)	(14)	(17)	(15)	(28)	(21)	(36)
6.	Total fat	7.4	7.3	7.2	7.2	6.8	7.1	6.8
	(40)	(38)	(35)	(37)	(33)	(38)	(34)
7.	Saturated fat	5.4	5.6	5.7	5.8	5.7	6.6	6
	(27)	(28)	(28)	(31)	(32)	(42)	(35)
8.	Cholesterol	9	8.9	8.7	8.5	7.6	8.4	6.7
	(83)	(83)	(80)	(78)	(69)	(77)	(58)
9.	Sodium	8.8	8.1	6.8	7.1	5.2	6.9	3.7
	(64)	(53)	(54)	(39)	(21)	(37)	(51)
10.	Variety	8.4	7.9	8.1	7.8	8.1	6.7	7.8
	(64)	(53)	(54)	(51)	(58)	(37)	(51)
Note: Percentage of children meeting the dietary recommendations for each component appears in parentheses.
The Healthy Eating Index examines the diet of American children ages 2 to 18. The Index consists of 10 components, each representing different aspects of a healthful diet.
Components 1 to 5 measure the degree to which a person's diet conforms to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Guide Pyramid serving recommendations for the five major food groups: grains (bread, cereal, rice, and pasta), vegetables, fruits, milk (Milk, yogurt, and cheese), and meat/meat alternatives (meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts). Component 7 measures saturated fat consumption as a percentage of total food energy intake. Components 8 and 9 measure total cholesterol intake and total sodium intake, respectively. And component 10 measures the degree of variety in a person's diet. Each component of the Index has a maximum score of 10 and a minimum score of 0. Intermediate scores are computed proportionatel y. High component scores indicate intakes close to recommended ranges or amounts. The maximum combined score for the 10 components is 100. An HEI score above 80 implies a good diet, an HEI score between 51 and 80 implies a diet that needs improvement, and an HEI score less than 51 implies a poor diet.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals.

TABLE 16
Illicit Drug Use: Percentage of Students Who Have Used Illicit Drugs in the Previous 30 Days by Grade, Gender, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Selected Years 1980-1999
Characteristic	1980a	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
8th-graders
Total	-	-	-	5.7	6.8	8.4	10.9	12.4	14.6	12.9	12.1	12.2
Gender
Male	-	-	-	5.8	6.4	8.7	11.9	12.7	14.6	13.3	11.9	12.6
Female	-	-	-	5.4	7.1	8.1	9.6	11.9	14.1	12.3	11.9	11.7
Race and Hispanic origin b
White	-	-	-	-	5.9	7.1	8.7	18.9	13.2	13.7	12.4	11.3
Black	-	-	-	-	3.8	5.1	7.4	9.1	10.5	10.8	10.2	11.1
Hispanicc	-	-	-	-	10.2	12.3	15.7	16.7	16.5	15.9	15.9	17.0
10th-graders
Total	-	-	-	11.6	11.0	14.0	18.5	20.2	23.2	23.0	21.5	22.1
Gender
Male	-	-	-	12.1	11.3	15.2	20.5	21.1	24.3	24.8	22.5	23.7
Female	-	-	-	10.8	10.5	12.5	16.1	19.0	21.9	21.0	20.5	20.4
Race and Hispanic origin b
White	-	-	-	-	12.1	13.1	16.4	19.7	22.4	23.8	23.1	22.6
Black	-	-	-	-	5.2	6.1	11.4	15.5	17.0	17.7	16.4	15.8
Hispanicc	-	-	-	-	12.7	15.0	18.0	20.6	22.5	24.2	24.2	23.8
12th-graders
Total	37.2	29.7	17.2	16.4	14.4	18.3	21.9	23.8	24.6	26.2	25.6	25.9
Gender
Male	39.6	32.1	18.9	18.4	15.9	20.4	25.5	26.8	27.5	28.7	29.1	28.6
Female	34.3	26.7	15.2	14.1	12.7	15.9	18.3	20.4	21.2	23.2	21.6	22.7
Race and Hispanic origin b
White	38.8	30.2	20.5	18.6	16.8	17.8	21.4	23.8	24.8	26.4	27.5	27.0
Black	28.8	22.9	9.0	7.2	7.3	9.1	14.3	18.3	19.7	20.0	19.4	20.2
Hispanicc	33.1	27.2	13.9	14.7	14.6	15.6	18.3	21.4	22.6	23.9	24.1	24.4
- = not available
a Beginning in 1982, the question about stimulant use (i.e., amphetamines) was revised to get respondents to exclude the inappropriate reporting of nonprescription stimulants. The prevalence rate dropped slightly as a result of this methodological change.
b Estimates for race and Hispanic origin represent the mean of the specified year and the previous year. Data have been combined to increase subgroup sample sizes, thus providing more stable estimates.
c Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Note: Illicit drugs include marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens (including LSD and PCP), amphetamines, and nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics.
SOURCE: Johnston, L.D., ÓMalley, M.M., and Bachman, J.G. (1999). National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1998 (NIH Publication No. 99-4660), Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Table 2-2. Data are from the study, Monitoring the Future, University of Michigan. Press release of December 17, 1999, and unpublished data from Monitoring the Future, University of Michigan.

TABLE 17
Income Distribution: Percentage of Related Children Under Age 18 by Family Income Relative to the Poverty Line, Selected Years 1980-1998
Poverty level	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
Extreme povety	6.6	8.1	8.3	9.3	9.9	9.6	9.4	7.9	8.4	8.5	7.6
Below poverty,
but above extreme poverty	11.3	12.0	11.6	11.8	11.7	12.4	11.9	12.2	11.4	10.8	10.7
Low income	24.0	22.8	21.8	22.2	22.0	22.2	22.0	22.5	22.7	21.4	21.2
Medium income	41.4	37.7	37.0	35.7	34.9	33.4	33.7	34.5	34.0	34.4	33.5
High income	16.8	19.4	21.3	21.0	21.5	22.3	23.1	22.8	23.5	25.0	27.0
Very high income	4.3	6.1	7.4	7.0	7.3	8.4	9.1	8.9	9.2	10.1	11.2
Note: Estimates refer to children who are related to the householder and who are under age 18. The income classes are derived from the ratio of the family's income to the family's poverty threshold. Extreme poverty is less than 50 percent of the property threshold (i.e., between $8,330 and $15,659 for a family of four in 1998). Low income is between 100 and 199 percent of the poverty threshold (i.e., between $16,660 and $33,319 for a family of four in 1998). Medium income is between 200 and 399 percent of the poverty threshold (i.e., between $33,320 and $66,639 for a family of four in 1998). High income is 400 percent of the poverty threshold or more. V ery high income is 600 per cent of the pover ty threshold and over. [These income categories ar e similar to those used in the Economic report to the President (1998). A similar approach is used by Hernandez, D. (1993), America ' s children, except that Hernandez uses the relationship to median income to define his categories. For either method, the medium and high income categories are at similar levels of median family income.]
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, March Current Population Survey.

TABLE 18
Mathematics Achievement: Average Scale Scores of Students Ages 9, 13, and 17 by Age and Child and Family Characteristics, Selected Years 1982-1996
Characteristic	1982	1986	1990	1992	1994	1996
Age 9
Total	219	222	230	230	231	231
Gender
Male	217	222	229	231	232	233
Female	221	222	230	228	230	229
Race and Hispanic origin
White	224	227	235	235	237	237
Black	195	202	208	208	212	212
Hispanica	204	205	214	212	210	215
Age 13
Total	269	269	270	273	274	274
Gender
Male	269	270	271	274	276	276
Female	268	268	270	272	273	272
Race and Hispanic origin
White	274	274	276	279	281	281
Black	240	249	249	250	252	252
Hispanica	252	254	255	259	256	256
Parents' education
Less than high school	251	252	253	256	255	254
Graduated high school	263	263	263	263	266	267
Some education after high school	275	274	277	278	277	278
Graduated college	282	280	280	283	285	283
Age 17
Total	299	302	305	307	306	307
Gender
Male	302	305	306	309	309	310
Female	296	299	303	305	304	305
Race and Hispanic origin
White	304	308	310	312	312	313
Black	272	279	289	286	286	286
Hispanica	277	283	284	292	291	292
Parents' education
Less than high school	279	279	285	286	284	281
Graduated high school	293	293	294	298	295	297
Some education after high school	304	305	308	308	305	307
Graduated college	312	314	316	316	318	317
aPersons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Note: Data on parents' level of education are not reliable for 9-year-olds.
The mathematics proficiency scale ranges from 0 to 500:
Level 150: Simple arithmetic facts
Level 200: Beginning skills and understandings
Level 250: Numerical operations and begining problem solving
Level 300: Moderately complex procedures and reasoning
Level 350: Multi-step problem solving and algebra
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1996trends in academic progress.

TABLE 19
Mortality Rate for Children Ages 1 to 4 by Age, Gender, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Cause of Death, Selected Years 1980-1989
(Deaths per 100,000 children in each group)
Characteristic	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998*
Ages 1-4
Totala	63.9	51.8	46.8	47.4	43