GEORGIA

Compiled from the February 2005 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes.

Official Name:
Republic of Georgia

PROFILE

Geography

Area: 69,700 square kilometers; slightly larger than South Carolina; 20% of total territory is not under government control.

Cities: Capital—Tbilisi (pop 1.1 million 2002).

Terrain: Mostly rugged and mountainous.

Climate: Generally moderate; mild on the Black Sea coast with cold winters in the mountains.

People

Nationality: Noun and adjective—Georgian(s).

Population: 4.4 million (2002 census preliminary results. Does not include Abkhazia or South Ossetia.)

Population growth rate: (2001 est.) −0.9%.

Ethnic groups: Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%. (1989 est.)

Religions: Georgian Orthodox 65%, Muslim 11%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Armenian Apostolic 8%, other 6%.

Languages: Georgian (official), Abkhaz also official language in Abkhazia.

Education: Years compulsory—11. Literacy—99%.

Health: Infant mortality rate (2001 est.)—52.37 deaths/1,000 live births. Life expectancy—64.63 yrs.

Government

Type: Republic.

Constitution: October 17, 1995.

Branches: Executive—president with State Chancellery. Legislative—unicameral parliament, 235 members. Judicial—supreme court, Constitutional Court, and local courts.

Administrative subdivisions: 67 districts, including those within the two autonomous republics (Abkhazia and Ajara) and eight cities.

Political parties: (and leaders) National Democrats [Mikhail Saakashvili]; Rightist Opposition [Davit Gamkrelidze]; Labor Party [Shalva Natelashvili].

Suffrage: Universal over 18.

Economy (2001)

GDP: $3.6 billion.

GDP per capita: $744.

GDP growth: 5.3%.

Inflation rate: 3.4%.

Natural resources: Forests, hydro-power, nonferrous metals, manganese, iron ore, copper, citrus fruits, tea, wine.

Industry: Types—steel, aircraft, machine tools, foundry equipment (automobiles, trucks, and tractors), tower cranes, electric welding equipment, fuel re-exports, machinery for food packing, electric motors, textiles, shoes, chemicals, wood products, bottled water, and wine.

Trade: (2001) Exports—$354 million. Partners—Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia. Imports—$737 million. Partners—Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Germany, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Turkmenistan, United States.

Work force: (1.72 million in 2000) Agriculture—52.1%; trade—10.0%; education—6.5%; public administration—6.0%; manufacturing—5.9%; health and social work—4.9%; transport and communications—4.1%; unemployment (2002—12.3% official - State Statistical Department).

PEOPLE AND HISTORY

Georgia's recorded history dates back more than 2,500 years. Georgian — a South Caucasian (or "Kartvelian") language unrelated to any other out-side the immediate region — is one of the oldest living languages in the world, and it has its own distinctive alphabet. Tbilisi, located in the picturesque Mtkvari River valley, is more than 1,500 years old. In the early 4th century Georgia adopted Christianity, only the second nation in the world to do so officially, and Orthodox Christianity — in combination with a unique language and alphabet — proved to be key factors in preserving Georgia's separate identity for so many centuries.

Georgia has historically found itself on the margins of great empires, and Georgians have lived together in a unified state for only a small fraction of their existence as a people. Much of Georgia's territory was fought over by Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Mongol, and Turkish armies from at least the 1st century B.C. through the 18th century. The zenith of Georgia's power as an independent kingdom came in the 11th and 12th centuries, during the reigns of King David the Builder and Queen Tamara, who still rank among the most celebrated of all Georgian rulers. In 1783 the king of Kartli (in eastern Georgia) signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russians, by which Russia agreed to take the kingdom as its protectorate. In 1801, the Russian empire began the piecemeal process of unifying and annexing Georgian territory, and for most of the next two centuries (1801-1991) Georgia found itself ruled from St. Petersburg and Moscow. Exposed to modern European ideas of nationalism under Russian tutelage, Georgians like the writer Ilya Chavchavadze began calling for greater Georgian independence. In the wake of the collapse of tsarist rule and war with the Turks, the first Republic of Georgia was established on May 26, 1918, and the country enjoyed a brief period of independence under the Menshevik president, Noe Zhordania. However, in March 1921, the Russian Red Army re-occupied the country, and Georgia became a republic of the Soviet Union. Several of the Soviet Union's most notorious leaders in the 1920s and 1930s were Georgian, such as Joseph Stalin, Sergo Orjonikidze, and Lavrenti Beria.

In the postwar period, Georgia was perceived as one of the wealthiest and most privileged of Soviet republics, and many Russians treated the country's Black Sea coast as a kind of Soviet Riviera. On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia declared independence from the U.S.S.R.

Beset by ethnic and civil strife from independence in 1991, Georgia began to stabilize in 1995. However, almost 300,000 internally displaced persons present an enormous strain on the country. Peace remains fragile in the separatist areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia—overseen by Commonwealth of Independent States' (essentially Russian) peacekeepers, the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG), and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Considerable progress has been made in negotiations on the Ossetian-Georgian conflict. Negotiations are continuing on the stalemated Georgia-Abkhazia conflict under the aegis of the United Nations.

The Georgian Government stakes much of its future on the revival of the ancient Silk Road as the Eurasian energy transportation corridor, using Georgia's geography as a bridge for transit of goods between Europe and Asia. Georgians are renowned for their hospitality and artistry in dance, theater, music, and design.

GOVERNMENT

Georgia has been a democratic republic since the presidential elections and constitutional referendum of October 1995. The President is elected for a term of 5 years, limited to 2 terms; his constitutional successor is the Chairman of the Parliament.

The Georgian state is highly centralized, except for the autonomous regions of Abkhazia and Ajara, whose precise legal statuses have not been determined by law. Those regions were subjects of special autonomies during Soviet rule, and the legacy of that influence remains. In January 2004 Mikheil Saakashvili was elected to a 5-year term following the November 2, 2003 parliamentary elections which were marred by irregularities and fraud. As a result of popular demonstrations, former President Shevardnadze resigned on November 23, 2003, and the Speaker of Parliament Nino Burjanadze assumed the role of Interim President. President Saakashvili was inaugurated on January 25, 2004.

Principal Government Officials

Last Updated: 2/4/05

President: Mikheil SAAKASHVILI
Speaker, Parliament: Nino BURJANADZE
Prime Minister (Acting): Mikheil SAAKASHVILI
Dep. Prime Minister: Vano MERABISHVILI
Dep. Prime Minister: Giorgi BARAMIDZE
Min. of Agriculture: Niko SIMONISHVILI
Min. of Culture: Giorgi GABASHVILI
Min. of Defense: Irakli OKRUASHVILI
Min. of Economics & Infrastructure: Alexi ALEXISHVILI
Min. of Education & Science: Kakha LOMAIA
Min. of Energy: Nika GILAURI
Min. of Environment: Tamar LEBANIDZE
Min. of Finance: Zurab NOGHAIDELI
Min. of Foreign Affairs: Salome ZOURABICHVILI
Min. of Health & Social Welfare: Lado CHIPASHVILI
Min. of Justice: Giorgi PAPUASHVILI
Min. of Police & Public Order: Vano MERABISHVILI
Min. of Refugees: Eter ASTEMIROVA
State Min. for European Integration: Giorgi BARAMIDZE
State Min. for Separatist Conflicts: Goga KHAINDRAVA
State Min. for Small & Medium-Size Businesses: Kakha BENDUKIDZE
State Min. for National Reconciliation: Zinaida BESTAYEVA
Prosecutor General: Zurab ADEISHVILI
Sec., National Security Council: Gela BEZHUASHVILI
Chmn., National Bank: Irakli MANAGADZE
Ambassador to the US: Levan MIKELADZE
Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Revaz ADAMIA

Georgia maintains an embassy in the United States at 1101 15th Street NW, Suite 602, Washington, DC 20005, telephone (202) 387-4537, fax (202) 393-4537.

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

President Saakashvili was elected in January 2004 following the flawed Parliamentary elections, which led to the Rose Revolution in November 2003. Saakashvili quickly launched an ambitious reform agenda aimed at restoring good governance and ensuring Georgia's territorial integrity. President Saakashvili and his team have made significant gains during their short tenure but still have much work to accomplish.

The political status of the breakaway provinces of Abkhazia and South Ossetia is unresolved. About 300,000 people displaced by these conflicts have yet to return to home.

Renewed fighting in neighboring Chechnya (Russia) in late 1999 generated concerns that the conflict would spill over into Georgia. Several thousand Chechen refugees moved into Georgia's Pankisi Gorge in late 1999, adding to the refugee/internally displaced population. The Abkhaz separatist dispute also continues to absorb much of the government's attention. While a cease-fire is in effect, about 300,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) who were driven from their homes during the conflict constitute a vocal lobby. The government has offered the region considerable autonomy in order to encourage a settlement, which would allow the IDPs, the majority of whom are ethnic Georgians from the Gali region, to return home, but the Abkhaz insist on independence.

Currently, Russian peacekeepers, under the authority of the Commonwealth of Independent States, are stationed in Abkhazia, along with UN observers. Their activities are hampered by land mines and guerrilla activity. Years of negotiations have not resulted in movement toward a settlement. Working with France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia and through the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the United States continues to encourage a comprehensive settlement consistent with Georgian independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. The UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) and other organizations continue to encourage grassroots cooperative and confidence-building measures in the region.

The parliament has instituted wide-ranging political reforms supportive of higher human rights standards, including religious freedoms enshrined in the constitution.

Political Parties

As a result of the Rose Revolution, National Movement and the Burjanadze-Democrats emerged as the leading parties in Georgia. The two parties have since united and are now officially called National Democrats. The Parliament is dominated by the National Democrats and no official minority currently exists in parliament. The New Rights party and the Industrialists have united and formed a bloc called the Rightist Opposition with Davit Gamkrelidze as the leader. Koba Davitashvili and Zviad Dzidziguri lead a party named Union of National Forces - Conservatives. David Berdzenishvili leads the Republicans.

ECONOMY

Georgia suffered severe political and economic turbulence during the years following the re-establishment of its independence in 1991. In the mid-1990s, Georgia began to experience modest but increasing levels of GDP growth and foreign investment. Until 1998, Georgia's economy grew on average 7%. This growth was attributable to the introduction of a new, stable currency, reduced rates of inflation, and the re-establishment of both economic and political stability. Economic growth and reform slowed in 1998, due to the Russian financial crisis, drought, and political events, including a major outbreak of hostilities in Abkhazia and an assassination attempt against the President. However, the period also saw completion of the first major infrastructure project, the Baku-Supsa early oil pipeline.

Growth has been accelerating since 2000, and Georgia's economic performance is slowly improving; GDP growth peaked at 8.6 percent in 2003 and is projected to be 6 percent in 2004, as construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline concludes. Inflation is low and stable; it was 4.8 percent in 2003 and forecast to be 5.8 percent in 2004. Despite several years of slow growth following the 1998 Russian financial crisis, Georgia led the former Soviet Union in developing the legal infrastructure necessary for an attractive investment climate. However, corruption still persists and confidence in the judiciary has not risen significantly. Further reform of the judiciary and anticipated tax reform in late 2004 are expected to help the investment climate. Georgia maintains no currency controls, allows foreign investment in all but a few sectors deemed strategically important, and has implemented an impressive privatization program, including land privatization. Georgia was the second country of the former Soviet Union to join the World Trade Organization, which should provide additional opportunities for development.

Economic activity in Georgia remains below potential. The low level of increase in trade and GDP are due to fundamental economic problems that have eroded investor confidence in Georgia. The poor fiscal situation, pervasive corruption, and arbitrary implementation of laws and regulations have inhibited economic growth in the country. Georgia's electricity sector is in critical condition, although new government policies and increased collections following the Rose Revolution may be the starting point to reform the energy sector. Even so, extensive capital investment is needed in order to keep the system functioning. Shortages of electricity have resulted in public unrest almost annually in the past. In 1998, Georgia began to privatize its energy distribution system and hoped to privatize its energy generation

system by 2000, an objective that remains unrealized. Privatization is a potential source to generate the capital needed to rehabilitate the economic sector, and the new Minister of Economy has plans to move aggressively in this regard. Due to a lack of investment, Georgia's transportation and communication infrastructure remains in very poor condition.

Corruption in Georgia, both official and otherwise, has been a significant and persistent obstacle not only to domestic and foreign investment, but also to economic development. Its pervasive nature and high visibility have stunted economic growth and seriously undermined the credibility of the government and its reforms. However, the new Georgian government in 2004 committed to tackle corruption at the highest levels, as visibly displayed by arresting and prosecuting several former government officials. They also established an anti-money laundering bureau within the Procuracy, a vetted unit that addresses corruption investigations and prosecutions.

In July 2000, the government created an Anti-Corruption Commission that made its report in the fall of 2000. Based on this report, an Anti-Corruption Coordinating Council (ACCC) was created in summer 2001 to implement recommendations of the Anti-Corruption Commission. Its recommendations include several measures that, if implemented, would improve the investment climate. However, few, if any, of the recommendations have been acted upon.

In 2004, the ACCC was eliminated, and the National Security Council is now responsible for the government anti-corruption strategy. It is too early to tell whether this strategy and its implementation will result in reduced corruption in Georgia.

Following the Rose Revolution, the new Georgian government took the opportunity to establish a new IMF program and reschedule its debt through the Paris Club. In June 2004, Georgia agreed with the IMF to a new 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) program. Two previous IMF programs went off track in 1999 and 2003 due to Georgia's failure to meet budgetary targets. While Georgia has yet to complete an IMF program successfully, through November 2004 Georgia has met or exceeded all the quantitative targets of the new IMF program, especially the crucial revenue collection target. Georgia also reached a debt rescheduling agreement with the Paris Club in July 2004. Contingent upon the existence of an IMF program, the Paris Club agreement reschedules debt falling due in 2004-2006 and reduces Georgia's debt service payments over this period from $169.2 million to $46.4 million. Georgia had previously received debt rescheduling from the Paris Club in 2001, but the agreement was suspended when Georgia fell off track with the IMF.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has declined in recent years to $61.8 million in 2001, compared to $83.65 million in 1999. Key sectors of economic activity in Georgia include energy, agriculture, trade, tourism, and transport, as well as significant projects in the food processing and telecommunications industries. The United States is the largest foreign investor in Georgia, annually contributing between 20%-34% of overall FDI in recent years. The construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, which began in April 2003, and the Shah Deniz gas pipeline, expected to begin in 2004, will offer opportunities for investors in the energy sector as well as related infrastructure. Additional privatization is planned in the energy sector, although the government has indicated its willingness to wait until this is under a more sound financial footing.

Georgian agricultural production is beginning to recover following the devastation caused by the civil war and sectoral restructuring necessary following the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Livestock production is beginning to rebound, and domestic grain production is increasing. Both will require sustained political will and infrastructure improvements to ensure appropriate distribution and return to farmers. Tea, hazelnut, and citrus production have suffered greatly as a result of the conflict in Abkhazia, an especially fertile area.

Supported by European Union assistance, Georgia has taken steps to control the quality of and appropriately market its natural spring water. Georgian viniculture, well developed during Soviet times, is internationally acclaimed and has absorbed some new technologies and financing since 1994.

To encourage and support the reform process, the United States and other donors focus heavily on technical and institution-building programs, both to the government and to private companies. Provision of legal and technical advisers to various government ministries is paired with training opportunities for parliamentarians, law enforcement officials, and economic advisers, complemented by extensive educational exchanges programs. The United States and other donors have increasingly imposed conditions on assistance in order to encourage improved performance on key issues and in key sectors, including energy. In May 2004, Georgia was selected as one of 16 Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) countries. While the United States terminated two assistance programs in fall 2003 due to lack of progress and commitment for reform on the part of the Georgian government, after the Rose Revolution in November 2003, we have re-engaged with the government to help them develop and implement comprehensive reform policies. Georgia continues to depend on humanitarian aid, which targets the most-needy groups.

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Georgia's location, situated between the Black Sea, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey, gives it strategic importance far beyond its size. It is developing as the gateway from the Black Sea to the Caucasus and the larger Caspian region, but also serves as a buffer between Russia and Turkey. Georgia has a long and close relationship with Russia, but it is reaching out to its other neighbors and looking to the West in search of alternatives and opportunities. It signed a partnership and cooperation agreement with the European Union, participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, and encourages foreign investment. China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Russia, Switzerland, and Turkey maintain embassies in Tbilisi. Germany is a significant bilateral donor. Georgia is a member of the UN, the OSCE, and the CIS. It is an observer in the Council of Europe.

U.S.-GEORGIA RELATIONS

U.S.-Georgia relations continue to be close. Extensive U.S. assistance is targeted to support Georgia's democratic, economic, and security reform programs, with an emphasis on institution building and implementing irreversible reforms. The United States has provided Georgia approximately __BODY__.4 billion in assistance through 2004. Information about US assistance to Georgia can be found at http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/35989.htm.

In recognition of the extensive assistance provided to Georgia and the political dynamic of the time, in September 2003, the United States completed a comprehensive review of our assistance to Georgia. As a result, cuts in two programs were announced, due primarily to lack of interest and cooperation on the part of the Georgian government. The summer 2003 exit of the American firm AES, which had been engaged in the electricity distribution sector, was a major setback for the economy and foreign investment in Georgia. Following the Rose Revolution in November 2003, the United States increased assistance to the Georgian government in response the its progressive reform plans and its outward effort to combat corruption. We continue to work together to help Georgia establish itself into a successful market democracy.

On another front, in June 2003, Georgia was placed on Tier 3 status with regard to the Trafficking Victims' Protection Act, which could have led to a suspension of all non-trade, non-humanitarian related assistance. During a 90-day grace period the Georgian government took sufficient steps to warrant a reassessment and subsequently was placed on Tier 2 and thus did not lose any assistance. We continue to work with the Georgians to help strengthening its anti-trafficking regime.

The United States also works closely with the Georgians on security and counterterrorism efforts. The United States provides Georgia with bilateral security assistance, including English-language and military professionalism training through the International Military Education and Training program. The multi-year Georgia Train and Equip Program ended in 2004, achieving its intended goals of enhancing Georgia's military capability and stimulating military reform. Partnership with the Georgia (U.S.) National Guard, visits by the Sixth Fleet and the Coast Guard to Georgia, and the Bilateral Working Group on Defense and Military Cooperation are also important components of our security relationship with Georgia.

Principal U.S. Embassy Officials

TBILISI (E) Address: 25 Atoneli; Phone: 995 32 989967; Fax: 995 32 938951; Workweek: M–F; 0900-1800; Website: //www.usembassy.ge

AMB:	Richard Miles
AMB OMS:	Linda Price
DCM:	Patricia N Moller
DCM OMS:	Jessica Haynie
POL:	Elisabeth Brocking
COM:	Elisabeth Brocking
CON:	Kim Richter
MGT:	Carol Stricker
AID:	Denny Robertson
CLO:	Claudia Ostrowski/Suzanne English
CUS:	Jon Trumble
DAO:	LTC Alan Hester
ECO:	Elisabeth Brocking
FIN:	Paul Roberti
FMO:	Louis Nelli
GSO:	Deane Parker
ICASS Chair:	Rowena Cross-Najafi
IMO:	Robert Lynn
ISO:	Mahmood Khattak
PAO:	Rowena Cross-Najafi
RSO:	Ronnie Catipon
State ICASS:	Rowena Cross-Najafi
Last Updated: 1/26/2005

TRAVEL

Consular Information Sheet

February 10, 2005

Country Description: Georgia is a constitutional republic with a developing economy. Tourist facilities out-side of Tbilisi, the capital, are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available.

Entry/Exit Requirements: A passport and visa are required. U.S. citizens may obtain a visa upon arrival at Tbilisi Airport, the Port of Poti, and the Red Bridge ("Tsiteli Khidi") crossing on Georgia's border with Azerbaijan. Americans intending to enter Georgia at other points-of-entry must obtain a visa beforehand at a Georgian embassy or consulate abroad. Armenian and Azerbaijani visas are no longer valid for transit through Georgia. Travelers to Georgia must fill out a customs declaration upon arrival that is to be presented to customs officials when departing the country. (Please see also the section on Special Circumstances.) For further information, please contact the Embassy of Georgia at 1101 15th Street, Suite 602, NW, Washington DC, 20005 tel. (202) 387-2390, fax: (202) 393-4537. See our Foreign Entry Requirements brochure for more information on Georgia and other countries. Visit the Embassy of Georgia web site at http://www.georgiaemb.org for the most current visa information.

Safety and Security: As a result of civil wars in the late 1980s and early 1990s, there are two separatist regions in Georgia that are not under the control of the central government authorities in Tbilisi: the Autonomous Region of South Ossetia in North-Central Georgia bordering the Russian Federation to the North; and the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia in the Northwest of the country, bordering the Russian Federation. Although armed conflict between the separatist regions and the central government has ceased, political relations between these separatist regions and the central governmental authorities are tense and political developments have the potential to result in hostilities. Due to the volatility of the political situation, the U.S. Embassy advises American citizens not to travel to these separatist-controlled areas due to the high levels of insecurity and crime.

In July 2004, political tensions increased significantly between the government authorities in Tbilisi and local authorities in Tskhinvali in South Ossetia. At the same time, a tense truce exists between previously warring Georgian and Abkhaz military forces in the separatist-controlled region of Abkhazia. Even so, over the past several years there have been bombings, attacks, and kidnappings in Abkhazia. The mining of roads poses a serious threat to vehicular traffic. While Abkhaz "border officials" may demand that travelers entering the region purchase "visas" from the so-called "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia," the U.S. Government does not recognize the separatists' declaration of Abkhazia's independence from Georgia. American citizens in areas of Western Georgia near the Abkhaz border are advised to be aware of their surroundings at all times and to avoid straying off main roads or traveling after dark.

Because of the restricted access of U.S. officials to Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the ability of the U.S. Government to assist American citizens there is extremely limited, even in emergencies. The U.S. Embassy recommends that Americans maintain contact with the Embassy for the latest information on the security situation in these separatist regions.

American citizens should be aware that they cannot legally cross over-land between Russia and Georgia, even if in possession of valid Russian or Georgian visas.

Georgia's armed forces have conducted operations against suspected international terrorists, Chechen fighters, and criminals who have taken refuge in the Pankisi Gorge. American citizens should avoid all travel to the Pankisi Gorge north of Akhmeta. American citizens are also advised to avoid travel to other areas of continuing security concern: specifically, the northern mountainous areas of Georgia bordering the Russian Federation, especially the Chechnya and Dagestan sectors.

Regardless of the region in Georgia in which they are planning to travel or visit, American citizens are urged to review their personal security precautions, increase their levels of awareness, and as appropriate, take increased security measures.

In the past, religious minorities in Georgia have been targets of violent attacks. The victims were primarily Jehovah's Witnesses, but also include Pentecostals, Baptists, and members of the "Assembly of God." Incidents include the burning of literature, the destruction of private property and the beating (sometimes severe) of believers, including American citizens. Although Georgian authorities arrested and jailed the ringleader of the group responsible for these attacks in 2004, American citizens should remain cautious when engaging in missionary activity in Georgia.

For the latest security information, Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department's Internet web site at http://travel.state.gov where the current Worldwide Caution Public Announcement, Travel Warnings and Public Announcements can be found. Up-to-date information on security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S., or, for callers outside the United States and Canada, a regular toll line at 1-317-472-2328. These numbers are available from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).

The Department of State urges American citizens to take responsibility for their own personal security while traveling overseas. For general information about appropriate measures travelers can take to protect themselves in an overseas environment, see the Department of State's pamphlet A Safe Trip Abroad.

Crime: Crime is a critical problem in Georgia. There is a great disparity in affluence between foreigners and a large percentage of Georgians. Westerners, and Americans in particular, are perceived as being wealthy and are therefore specifically targeted for economic and property-based crimes. Incidents such as residential break-ins, carjacking, assault, and armed robbery account for at least 75% of the crimes involving Americans that are reported to the Embassy. In the latter half of 2004, violent attacks became more commonplace. In these incidents criminals sometimes will incapacitate their victims in order to carry out their intended crime. This is especially true with carjackings, where the assailants are likely to be armed with firearms and other weapons. Petty street crime, such as pick pocketing, purse snatching, and cell phone theft, is also common throughout the country.

Crime remains a particularly serious issue in Tbilisi, where criminal activity against foreigners remains at levels disproportionate to other metropolitan areas in Europe and the U.S. Many robberies and assaults have occurred in areas frequented by American citizens and foreigners, such as on side streets near Tbilisi's city center, including areas off the main avenues in the Vake and Vera districts, and Chavchavadze and Rustaveli avenues, as well as the Saburtalo region of Tbilisi. These crimes often occurred when the victim was alone, after dark, and in unfamiliar surroundings.

Petty theft is also a problem on the Tbilisi metro system and in mini-vans used for public transport. American citizens are advised to use personal vehicles or take cars from established taxi companies that will carry passengers door-to-door. While the security of overland travel in Georgia has improved, vehicular and rail traffic remains vulnerable to robbery.

The threat of kidnapping exists both within and outside of Tbilisi. In the past, foreign businessmen have been abducted for ransom and Americans in the Tbilisi area have received kidnapping threats. The possibility of similar risk to Americans elsewhere in the country cannot be discounted.

Outside of Tbilisi, criminal activity is also a problem, especially in the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia due to the reduced capacity of law enforcement in those areas. Other regions of concern include: upper Svanetia, Samtskhe-Javakheti, the Abkahz-Georgian Border (including Zugdidi city), and areas along the Russian-Georgian border. When visiting or traveling through these regions, American citizens are urged to increase their vigilance, review their personal security precautions, and take appropriate security measures, e.g. traveling with a native Georgian escort familiar with the local area.

Despite much progress in the Georgian Government's efforts to reform police and fight internal corruption, the police remain generally ineffective in deterring criminal activity or conducting effective post-incident investigations. Although police emergency response is good (see below for contact information), criminals continue to have freedom of movement throughout Tbilisi day or night.

In light of the serious crime situation, all American citizens visiting Georgia are strongly advised to exercise basic security precautions. They should vary times and routes, especially from places of residence to work locations. They should maintain a low profile by not carrying large amounts of cash, not wearing excessive amounts of jewelry, and not behaving in a manner that would draw unnecessary attention. Additionally, Americans should be aware of their surroundings, travel in pairs or groups, and stay on main streets and routes. The Embassy recommends that those traveling throughout the country do so during daylight hours only and provide a travel itinerary and contact telephone numbers to a friend or business colleague. Also, Americans should not hesitate to report any unusual incidents or suspicious vehicles or individuals to the Georgian authorities as soon as possible. Finally, those that do become a victim of crime should not resist their assailant and should cooperate with the assailant as best they can. Assailants are most interested in money and/or property; cooperation reduces the chance of being assaulted and/or injured.

Information for Victims of Crime: The Georgian Ministry of Police and Public Safety (MPSS) has established a new police emergency hotline. This service is currently limited to the city of Tbilisi, but the MPSS is planning to expand this service countrywide. To contact police in an emergency, simply dial "022" from your landline or cell phone. Please note, the police dispatcher speaks only Georgian or Russian.

The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. The Embassy/Consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, to contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed. See our information on Victims of Crime at http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/emergencies/emergencies_1748.html.

Medical Facilities and Health Information: Medical care in Georgia is limited. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with pre-existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. It is recommended that travelers who intend to visit Georgia for at least two weeks get the hepatitis A vaccine and a pre-exposure rabies vaccine. Travelers are also encouraged to bring medicine to treat diarrhea, which regularly afflicts newcomers. Georgian doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment before rendering medical services.

Information on vaccinations and other health precautions, such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection, may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747); fax 1-888-CDC-FAXX (1-888-232-3299), or via the CDC's Internet site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization's (WHO) web-site at http://www.who.int/en. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www.who.int/ith.

Medical Insurance: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company before traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and if it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation.

Traffic Safety and Road Conditions: While in a foreign country, U.S. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The information below concerning Georgia is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.

As in the United States, vehicular traffic in Georgia moves along the right side of roadways. Speed limits range from 80 to 100 km/hr. on highways, and from 30 to 60 km/hr. on urban thoroughfares. Motorists are not permitted to make right turns on red traffic lights. While legislation mandating seat belt use has yet to be enacted, drivers and passengers are nevertheless strongly advised to buckle up on Georgian roads.

Georgian law requires that children under seven (7) years of age be restrained in child-safety seats. A driver with any blood alcohol concentration exceeding zero is considered to be driving under the influence of alcohol.

Motorists should exercise extreme caution when driving in Georgia, as many local drivers do not operate their vehicles in accordance with established traffic laws.

Traffic signals and rules of the road are often completely ignored. Motorists drive erratically, often recklessly, and at excessive speeds. Motorists may frequently encounter oncoming high-speed traffic attempting to pass other vehicles at blind turns or over hilltops.

Pedestrians enjoy no right-of-way and need to be extremely careful when crossing streets. The Georgian Patrol Police, who come under the authority of the Ministry of Police and Public Safety (MPSS), are responsible for maintaining traffic safety in Georgia, but enforcement of traffic regulations is haphazard.

Undivided two-lane roads connect most major cities in Georgia. Roads are generally in poor condition and often lack shoulder markings and centerlines. In addition, traffic signals may not work because of power outages or poor maintenance. Driving at night can be especially dangerous. Travel on mountain roads is treacherous in both rain and snow, and during winter, heavy snowfalls may make some roads impassable. The Georgian Ministry of Interior reported 622 traffic accidents with a death toll of 308 people in 2003.

For additional information about road safety, including links to foreign government sites, please see the Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs home page at http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/safety/safety_1179.html.

Aviation Safety Oversight: As there is no direct commercial air service between the United States and Georgia, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed Georgia's Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with ICAO international aviation safety standards. For more information, travelers may visit the FAA's internet web site at www.faa.gov/avr/iasa/index.cfm.

Travelers on airlines among the countries of the Caucasus may experience prolonged delays and sudden cancellations of flights. In addition to frequent delays, flights are often overcrowded or overbooked. Basic safety features such as seat belts are sometimes missing. Although connecting service to Georgia from Europe is available through regional airlines, air travel to Georgia on international carries via the U.K., Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Austria is more reliable.

Special Circumstances: Georgia is facing a chronic energy crisis. During the winter months, frequent and prolonged power outages are common, especially outside of Tbilisi. The lack of lighting in public places, even when electricity is available, heightens vulnerability to crime (Please see the Crime section above for details.).

Travelers to Georgia must fill out a customs declaration upon arrival that they again present to customs officials when departing the country. Travelers are advised to declare all items of value on the customs form. Failure to declare currency and items of value can result in fines or other penalties. If your customs form is lost or stolen, please report the loss to the police to obtain a certificate to show to customs officials when you depart the country.

Georgia's customs authorities may enforce strict regulations concerning the temporary importation into or export from Georgia of items such as alcohol, tobacco, jewelry, religious materials, art or artifacts, antiquities, and business equipment. Only personal medicines with a doctor's statement can be imported without the permission of the Georgian Department of Healthcare.

U.S. citizens may not import firearms into Georgia; however, hunting weapons may be brought into the country for a two-week period based on valid Georgian hunting licenses. While there is no limit to the amount of currency that can be imported, if more money is exported than was declared at the time of entry, the traveler is obligated to prove it was legally obtained. There are limits on the amount of Georgian currency that may be exported.

The Ministry of Culture, Department of Expertise and Evaluation must license any valuables such as artwork, antiques, jewelry, paintings, etc. This license describes the object, assesses its value, and provides permission to export it from Georgia. The U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi, Georgia, can provide more specific information on quantities of items that can be imported duty-free, as well as duties excised for specific items. It is also advisable to contact the Embassy of Georgia in Washington, D.C. for specific information regarding customs requirements. Please see our information on customs regulations.

While the Georgian lari is the only legal tender, dollars can be freely exchanged for laris at market rates. ATM machines are also becoming more widespread, but only within the city of Tbilisi. Credit cards are rarely accepted outside of upscale hotels and restaurants, and travelers' checks are difficult to cash. Incidents of credit card fraud and identity theft have been reported by American citizens in Georgia.

Criminal Penalties: While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to that country's laws and regulations, which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offences. Persons violating Georgian laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Georgia are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Engaging in illicit sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime, prosecutable in the United States. See more information here.

Children's Issues: For information on international adoption of children and international parental child abduction, see the Office of Children's Issues website at http://travel.state.gov/family/family_1732.html.

Registration/Embassy Location: Americans living or traveling in Georgia are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate through the State Department's travel registration website, https://travelregistration.state.gov, and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Georgia. Americans without Internet access may register directly with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy or Consulate to contact them in case of emergency. The U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi is located at 25 Atoneli Street. The telephone numbers are (995) (32) 98-99-67 or (995) (32) 98-99-68, which can also be reached after hours, and the fax number is: (995) (32) 93-37-59. The Embassy web site address is located at: http://georgia.usembassy.gov.