Table of Contents

VOLUME 1

PREFACE … v

MEASUREMENTS … xi

TIMELINE: SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING … xv

TIMELINE: THE HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING, MARKUP AND SCRIPTING LANGUAGES … xxiii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS … xxv

VOLUME 2

A

Algol-60 Report … 1

Algorithms … 3

Assembly Language and Architecture … 5

Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission … 8

ATM Transmission … 10

B

Bardeen, John, Brattain, Walter H., and Shockley, William B. … 12

Bell, Alexander Graham … 15

Boole, George … 18

Boolean Algebra … 20

Bridging Devices … 24

C

Cache Memory … 27

Cellular Technology … 29

Central Processing Unit … 32

Client/Server Technology … 35

Codes … 40

Coding Techniques … 42

Communication Devices … 45

Compatibility (Open Systems Design) … 48

Compilers … 50

Computer System Interfaces … 52

D

Design Tools … 55

Digital Logic Design … 58

Display Devices … 62

Document Processing … 68

E

Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., and Mauchly, John W. … 72

F

Fiber Optics … 75

G

Game Controllers … 79

Graphic Devices … 81

H

Hypermedia and Multimedia … 83

I

Information Systems … 86

Input Devices … 90

Invasive Programs … 93

J

JPEG, MPEG … 96

L

LISP … 99

Logo … 100

M

Markup Languages … 104

Memory Devices … 108

Morse, Samuel … 112

Music, Computer … 114

N

Network Design … 117

Network Protocols … 119

Network Topologies … 122

O

Object-Oriented Languages … 124

Operating Systems … 128

Optical Character Recognition … 132

P

Parallel Processing … 134

Pattern Recognition … 138

Personal Digital Assistants … 141

Pointing Devices … 144

Printing Devices … 148

Procedural Languages … 153

Programming … 160

R

Reading Tools … 163

Robots … 166

S

Satellite Technology … 169

Security Hardware … 172

Security Software … 174

Serial and Parallel Transmission … 176

Simulators … 178

Sound Devices … 181

SQL … 185

Storage Devices … 187

System Analysis … 191

Systems Design … 195

T

Touch Screens … 197

Transmission Media … 200

V

Video Devices … 203

Virtual Memory … 205

Virtual Private Network … 211

Virtual Reality … 214

von Neumann, John … 217

W

Wireless Technology … 218

Z

Zuse, Konrad … 221

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 225

GLOSSARY … 227

TOPIC OUTLINE … 257

INDEX … 267

VOLUME 3

A

Accounting Software … 1

Agriculture … 3

Aircraft Flight Control … 6

Aircraft Traffic Management … 10

Airline Reservations … 13

Architecture … 16

Asimov, Isaac … 19

Astronomy … 21

ATM Machines … 24

B

Biology … 26

C

CAD/CAM, CA Engineering … 29

Cell Phones … 32

Chess Playing … 35

Chip Manufacturing … 38

Computer Assisted Instruction … 41

Computer Professional … 44

Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) … 47

Computerized Manufacturing … 50

Cormack, Allan, and Hounsfield, Godfrey Newbold … 55

Cray, Seymour … 57

D

Data Processing … 59

Data Visualization … 61

Database Management Software … 64

Decision Support Systems … 67

Desktop Publishing … 70

Distance Learning … 75

E

Economic Modeling … 78

Educational Software … 80

Embedded Technology (Ubiquitous Computing) … 83

Expert Systems … 87

F

Fashion Design … 91

Film and Video Editing … 94

G

Geographic Information Systems … 99

Gross, Alfred J. … 102

H

Hacking … 104

Hewlett, William … 107

Home System Software … 109

I

Image Analysis: Medicine … 114

Integrated Software … 117

K

Kemeny, John G. … 120

Knowledge-Based Systems … 122

L

Laser Technology … 125

Legal Systems … 128

Library Applications … 131

M

Magnetic Stripe Cards … 134

Mathematics … 137

Medical Systems … 139

Molecular Biology … 142

Music Composition … 145

N

Navigation … 148

Neural Networks … 151

O

Open Source … 155

Organick, Elliot … 158

P

Péter, Rózsa … 160

Physics … 161

Process Control … 164

Productivity Software … 166

Project Management … 170

R

Railroad Applications … 173

S

Scientific Visualization … 176

Security Applications … 179

Software Piracy … 182

Space Travel and Exploration … 185

Speech Recognition … 188

Spreadsheets … 191

SQL: Databases … 194

T

Technology of Desktop

Publishing … 196

Telephony … 199

U

User Interfaces … 202

W

Wang, An … 206

Weather Forecasting … 208

Word Processors … 210

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 215

GLOSSARY … 217

TOPIC OUTLINE … 247

INDEX … 257

VOLUME 4

A

Agents … 1

Amdahl, Gene Myron … 4

Art … 6

Artificial Life … 9

Assistive Computer Technology for Persons with Disabilities … 11

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) … 17

Authentication … 21

B

Bandwidth … 24

Browsers … 27

C

Censorship: National, International … 31

Chemistry … 34

Computer Vision … 37

Cookies … 40

Copyright … 43

Credit Online … 46

Cryptography … 49

Cybercafe … 53

Cybernetics … 55

D

Data Mining … 58

Data Warehousing … 63

Digital Images … 65

Digital Libraries … 68

Digital Signatures … 71

E

E-banking … 73

E-books … 76

E-commerce: Economic and Social Aspects … 78

E-journals and E-publishing … 81

Electronic Campus … 84

Electronic Markets … 88

Entrepreneurs … 92

Ethics … 99

F

Feynman, Richard P. … 102

Fiction, Computers in … 104

Firewalls … 107

FTP … 110

G

Global Positioning Systems … 112

Global Surveillance … 115

Glushkov, Victor M. … 119

Guru … 120

H

Hackers … 121

Home Entertainment … 124

Human Factors: User Interfaces … 127

I

Information Access … 130

Information Overload … 133

Information Theory … 136

Internet: Applications … 138

Internet: Backbone … 142

Internet: History … 146

Intranet … 150

J

Java Applets … 152

JavaScript … 155

Journalism … 159

M

Marconi, Guglielmo … 163

Mobile Computing … 164

Molecular Computing … 167

N

Nanocomputing … 169

Newell, Allen … 172

Nyquist, Harry … 174

P

Patents … 176

Photography … 178

Political Applications … 181

R

Routing … 185

S

Search Engines … 188

Service Providers … 191

Shannon, Claude E. … 195

Simon, Herbert A. … 197

Social Impact … 198

T

TCP/IP … 202

Telnet … 204

U

Urban Myths … 206

V

Visual Basic … 208

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 213

GLOSSARY … 215

TOPIC OUTLINE … 245

INDEX … 255