A

Brethren

★942★

Association of Fundamental Gospel Churches

Current address not obtained for this edition.

The Association of Fundamental Gospel Churches was formed in 1954 by the coming together of three independent Brethren congregations: Calvary Chapel of Hartsville, Ohio; Webster Mills Free Brethren Church of McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania; and Little Country Chapel of Myersburg, Maryland. Prime leader in the new association was G. Henry Besse (d.1962), a former member of the Reformed Church who had in 1937 become a minister among the Dunkard Brethren. He withdrew from their fellowship in 1953 complaining about their strictures agains wearing neckties, wristwatches and jewelry and their demands that women always wear the prayer veil or cap. Former members of the Church of the Brethren were also opposed to that church's participation in the National Council of Churches.

In general, members of the association follow Brethren doctrine and practice. They reject as unbiblical participation in war, but allow members to accept noncombatant military service. They do not allow the taking of oaths, suing at law (including for reason of divorce), or wearing ornamental adornment. They do not practice the kiss of peace.

The association meets annually to elect officers and conduct business. Ministers are chosen from among the congregation's members. They are not required to have advanced education. G. Henry Besse was succeeded by his two sons, Lynn Besse and Clair Besse, both of whom have pastored Calvary Chapel.

Membership: Not reported.

★943★

Bible Brethren

Current address not obtained for this edition.

The Bible Brethren was formed in 1948 by a small group who withdrew from the Lower Cumberland (Cumberland County, Pennsylvania) congregation of the Church of the Brethren. Clair H. Alspaugh (1903-1969), a farmer and painter who had been called to the ministry in the congregation in 1942, led the group that assumed a traditional Brethren posture. Alspaugh protested the Church of the Brethren's association with the Federal Council of Churches (now the National Council of Churches) and the failure of the Brethren to endorse doctrinal preaching as inspired by the Holy Spirit.

The original group constructed a church building following simple nineteenth-century Brethren patterns (with a long preachers' desk and straight-back pews) at Carlisle Springs, Pennsylvania. A second congregation was formed at Campbelltown, Pennsylvania. It was strengthened by the addition of a group under Paul Beidler which had withdrawn from the Dunkard Brethren, but was lost when Biedler led the entire congregation away in 1974 to form Christ's Ambassadors. A third congregation of Bible Brethren formed in 1954 at Locust Grove Chapel, near Abbotstown, York County, Pennsylvania.

Membership: In 1979 there were approximately 100 members of the Bible Brethren in two congregations.

Sources:

Gleim, Elmer Q. Change and Challenge: A History of the Church of the Brethren in the Southern District of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA: Southern District Conference History Committee, 1973.

★944★

Brethren Church (Ashland, Ohio)

524 College Ave.
Ashland, OH 44805

Agitation among the German Baptist Brethren began in the late nineteenth century against what some considered outmoded practices. The lack of educational opportunities, an unlearned clergy, and the plain dress were main objections. The crisis came to a head with the expulsion in 1882 of Henry R. Holsinger of Berlin, Pennsylvania. Holsinger leader of the Progressives in the church, had objected to the authority of the annual meeting over the local congregation. Others left with him and in 1883 formed the Brethren Church.

The Brethren Church is like the Church of the Brethren in many respects, with the exceptions of having been the first to move toward an educated and salaried ministry, modern dress, and missions. While generally conservative in theology, and expecting a high degree of doctrinal consensus among its ministers, the church has refused to adopt a statement of faith (though it does have a doctrinal statement) on the grounds that the New Testament is its creed. During the 1930s, a group supportive of a dispensational fundamentalist doctrinal position left the church to found the National Fellowship of Brethren Churches, now the Fellowship of Grace Brethren. The church practices baptism by trine immersion, a communion service usually in the evening which includes footwashing, and the laying on of hands for ordination and for confirmation, and anointing and laying on of hands for healing. Elders (ordained ministers) lead the church in spiritual affairs.

The church follows a congregational polity and an annual conference conducts common business. Missionary activity is supported in Argentina, Colombia, India, Malaysia, Peru, Paraguay, and Mexico. The church is a member of the National Association of Evangelicals.

Membership: In 1995 the church reported 13,028 members in 103 churches.

Educational Facilities: Ashland Theological Seminary, Ashland, Ohio.

Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio.

Periodicals: The Brethren Evangelist. • Insight into Brethren Missions.

Sources:

The Task Force on Brethren History and Doctrine. The Brethren: Growth in Life and Thought. Ashland, OH: Board of Christian Education, Brethren Church, 1975.

★945★

Christ's Ambassadors

Current address not obtained for this edition.

Christ's Ambassadors traces its origin to a dispute in 1968 within the Dunkard Brethren congregation at Lititz, Pennsylvania. Leaders in the congregation protested an unauthorized prayer meeting conducted by some of the members under the leadership of Paul Beidler. Beidler led the members in withdrawing and forming an independent congregation. The small group affiliated with the Bible Brethren congregation at Campbelltown, Pennsylvania, in 1970. However, four years later Beidler led the entire congregation to withdraw from the Bible Brethren and formed Christ's Ambassadors. The group follows traditional Dunkard Brethren practice and beliefs, but places great emphasis upon the freedom of expression in worship.

Membership: In 1980 Christ's Ambassadors had approximately fifty members meeting in two congregations, one at Cocalico and one at Myerstown, Pennsylvania.

★946★

Christ's Assembly

Current address not obtained for this edition.

Krefeld, Germany, in the lower Rhine Valley, was one place that dissenting Pietists found relative safety and toleration during the eighteenth century, and several groups, including the one which would later become the Church of the Brethren upon its arrival in America, had members among the Krefeld residents. In 1737 two Danes, Soren Bolle and Simon Bolle, visited Krefeld and joined the Brethren. They soon returned to Copenhagen and began to preach and gather a following. While they had been baptized by the Brethren, they had been influenced as well by other Pietist Groups, most notably the Community of True Inspiration (which later migrated to America and formed the colonies at Amana, Iowa). The movement under the Bolles, Christ's Assembly, spread through Sweden, Norway, and Germany.

During the 1950s Johannes Thalitzer, pastor of Christ's Assembly in Copenhagen, learned of the continued existence of the Brethren in America through his encounter with some remnants of the recently disbanded Danish Mission of the Church of the Brethren. He initiated contact with several Brethren Groups, especially the Old German Baptist Brethren, who sponsored a visit by Thalitzer to the United States in 1959. In subsequent visits he became acquainted with all of the larger Brethren factions, but felt each was deficient in belief and/or practice. In 1967 he organized a branch of Christ's Assembly at a love feast with nine Brethren (from several Brethren groups) at Eaton, Ohio.

Christ's Assembly largely follows Brethren practice, but like the Community of True Inspiration places great emphasis upon the revealed guidance of an apostolic leadership. In more recent years it has been further influenced by the Pentecostal (Charismatic) Movement which has swept through most major denominations.

As Christ's Assembly grew it included members from four states and all the major Brethren branches. A second congregation was formed in the 1970s in Berne, Indiana.

Membership: Christ's Assembly has two congregations and an estimated 100 members.

Sources:

Benedict, F. W., and William F. Rushby. "Christ's Assembly: A Unique Brethren Movement." Brethren Life and Thought18 (1973): 33-42.

★947★

Church of the Brethren

1451 Dundee Ave.
Elgin, IL 60120

The Church of the Brethren developed out of the wave of radical Pietism in early eighteenth-century Germany. Hearing William Penn's invitation to come to the American colonies, most of the Brethren immigrated; those who remained were absorbed into the Mennonite movement. Their first American congregation was instituted in Germantown, Pennsylvania, on Christmas Day 1723. Important leaders of the first generation included Alexander Mack, Sr. (1679-1735), the first recognized minister; Christopher Sauer II (1721-1784), a noted colonial printer; Alexander Mack, Jr.(1712-1803); and Peter Becker (1687-1758). Until the early twentieth century, Brethren were commonly known as "Dunkers" (or Tunker), after their manner of thrice-fold immersion baptism. The formal name, German Baptist Brethren, used during most of the nineteenth century, was changed to the current designation on the anniversary of the church's bicentennial in 1908.

In colonial Pennsylvania, the Brethren shared with the Mennonites a German cultural background and Anabaptist theology, and with the Friends (Quakers) a commitment to peace and simplicity. All of these groups sought a separation from secular influences, wore distinctive plain dress, and opposed slavery. Brethren practiced strong church discipline (although not the ban), selected leaders who were not salaried or expected to obtain theological education, and refrained from voting, taking oaths, or entering lawsuits. One of the most distinctive features of Brethren worship has been their observance of the love feast, a communion service that includes foot washing, a love meal, and the taking of unleavened bread and wine/grape juice.

As one of the historic peace churches, Brethren were opposed to military service in the American Revolution and the Civil War. This resulted in limited persecution, including fines and imprisonment. The program of alternative service has been available to conscientious objectors in World War II and later conflicts.

Although the early Brethren were open to urban life, most preferred an agricultural setting and followed the farming frontier across the continent. Congregations were established in Kentucky and Ohio during the 1790s, Missouri and Illinois during the 1810s, and California and Oregon during the 1850s. Brethren settlement of the West at the turn of the century was greatly aided through colonization programs of the transcontinental railroads. The small movement of Brethren into Canada was aided by the Canadian Pacific Railroad, encouraging immigration in the early twentieth century. Between 1903 and 1922 as many as twelve congregations, mostly in Alberta and Saskatchewan, were founded. By 1968 only two of these congregations remained and they became part of the United Church of Canada.

The Brethren began to meet in a yearly meeting for worship and business during the 1740s, although no minutes were recorded until the 1780s. By the 1840s a delegated conference of lay representatives and ministers had become the highest authority in the church. Following the Civil War, the church took an active interest in missionary work (foreign and domestic), publishing, and education. Foreign mission efforts began in Denmark in the 1890s. Fields were also opened in India, China, Nigeria, and Equador. The Brethren Press, founded in 1897, produced a supply of books, periodicals, church school materials, and other literature. Numerous educational institutions were founded, six of which evolved into fully accredited independent liberal arts colleges and a university. The church also supported a theological seminary.

Tensions within the denomination in the late nineteenth century produced a painful three-way division. In addition to the original group, an "old order" movement that opposed innovation and venerated the tradition of earlier Brethren organized the Old German Baptist Brethren in 1881. A "progressive" faction organized the Brethren Church (Ashland, Ohio) in 1883.

The twentieth century has seen rapid change in Brethren life. Following an important decision on dress at the annual conference of 1911, the distinctive dress of the church has virtually disappeared. The free, plural ministry was transformed into salaried, professional pastoral leadership. Women became eligible for ordination in 1957. Efforts at evangelism and new church development have produced a more inclusive membership that includes several black, hispanic, and Korean congregations.

The extensive world mission program began a process of dramatic change in 1955, resulting in the creation of indigenous and independent religious bodies. The Ecuadorian congregations joined the United Evangelical Church of Ecuador in 1965; the India mission program merged into the Church of North India in 1970; and the Nigerian churches became the independent Brethren Church of Nigeria in 1973. The mission program in China folded when western missionaries were sent home in 1950.

Perhaps Brethren have been best known around the world for their efforts in relief and rehabilitation work in Europe following World War II. Brethren service projects later stretched into India and China and fostered ecumenical organizations such as Heifer Project International, founded by layman Dan West, Christian Rural Overseas Program (CROP), and International Christian Youth Exchange (ICYE). The denomination also organized and administers SEERV (Salves Exchange for Refugee Rehabilitation Vocations), the largest marketing program of its type for third world handicrafts.

Since 1946 a general board of 25 members elected by the annual conference employs a program and administrative staff in the areas of parish ministries, world ministries and disaster response, publishing, and stewardship. The general offices and Brethren Press are located in Elgin, Illinois; a service center is operated in New Windsor, Maryland. The church is a founding member of both the World Council of Churches and the National Council of Churches. The Brethren Church of Nigeria is also a member of the World Council.

Membership: In 1996 the Brethren reported 141,811 members, 1,106 congregations, and 1,946 ordained ministers in the United States and Puerto Rico.

Educational Facilities: Bethany Theological Seminary, Oak Brook, Illinois.

Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Virginia.
Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania.
Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania.
Manchester College, North Manchester, Indiana.
McPherson College, McPherson, Kansas.
University of La Verne, La Verne, California.

Periodicals: Messenger. • Brethren Life and Thought. Available from Bethany Theological Seminary, Butterfield and Meyer Rds., Oak Brook, IL 60521.

Sources:

Book of Worship, The Church of the Brethren. Elgin, IL: Brethren Press, 1964.

Bowman, Carl. Brethren Society. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

Durnbaugh, Donald F. Fruit of the Vine: A History of the Brethren, 1708-1995. Elgin, IL: Brethren Press, 1997.

Durnbaugh, Donald F., ed. The Brethren Encyclopedia. 3 vols. Philadelphia, PA: Brethren Encyclopedia, 1983.

Mallot, Floyd E. Studies in Brethren History. Elgin, IL: Brethren Publishing House, 1954.

Manual of Brotherhood Organization and Polity. Elgin, IL: Church of the Brethren, General Offices, 1965.

Sappington, Roger E., ed. The Brethren in the New Nation. Elgin, IL: Brethren Press, 1976.

★948★

Conservative German Baptist Brethren

Current address not obtained for this edition.

The Conservative German Baptist Brethren is a small Brethren body body which dates to the 1931 withdrawal of a group under the leadership of Clayton F. Weaver and Ervin J. Keeny from the Dunkard Brethren Church in Pennsylvania. In 1946 Loring I. Moss, a prominent exponent of the conservative element of the Brethren Movement and one of the organizers of the Dunkard Brethren Church, withdrew and formed the Primitive Dunkard Brethren. Noting the similar concern to keep stricter Brethren standards, Moss led his new group into the Conservative German Baptist Brethren, though personally, he later withdrew and joined the Old Brethren.

Membership: In 1980 the Conservative German Baptist Brethren had two congregations, one at New Madison, Ohio, with ten members and one at Shrewsbury, Pennsylvania, with twenty-five members.

★949★

Conservative Grace Brethren Churches

℅ Grace Brethren Church
531 Marion Ave.
Mansfield, OH 44902

The Conservative Grace brethren Churches, International resulted from a split in the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches in 1992. Those who formed the new church represented the most conservative element of the fellowship while continuing its formal agreement with the fellowship's "statement of Faith" which had been adopted in 1969. In their slightly revised Statement of Faith, with clarifications adopted in 1994, the Conservative Brethren affirm the inerrancy of Scripture (rather than simply its infallibility), the pre-existence of Christ prior to the incarnation in Jesus, and the work of the Holy Spirit in indwelling believers from the moment of regeneration and empowering them for Christian life and service. They tie belief in the Trinity to the practice of triune immersion, the importance of which is emphasized. It is noted that confession of faith and triune immersion are the essential requirements for church membership and that triune immersion shall not be abandoned except for medical reasons of a physical nature. It also reemphasized the triune nature of the communion service that must include the "washing of the saints' feet, the Lord's Supper, and the communion of the bread and the cup."

The very conservative stance of the new church is especially demonstrated in its belief in "the recent, direct creation of the heavens, the earth, and all their hosts, without pre-existing material, in six literal 24-hour days" and an understanding of hell as offering eternal punishment while unbelievers are in a conscious state.

The Conservative Brethren are organized as an association of autonomous local church's cooperating in fellowship and work.

Membership: Not reported. In 2002, the fellowship included 47 congregations.

Sources:

Conservative Grace Brethren Churches. http://www.bright.net/~dmoeller/cgbci/. 10 April 2002.

★950★

Dunkard Brethren Church

℅ Dale E. Jamison, Chairman
Board of Trustees
Quinter, KS 67752

The Dunkard Brethren Church grew out of a conservative movement within the Church of the Brethren which protested what it saw as a worldly drift and a lowering of standards in the church. The movement formed around The Bible Monitor, a periodical begun in 1922 by B. E. Kesler, a minister who had joined the Church of the Brethren in the first decade of the twentieth century. He was one of seven people chosen to write the report on dress standards adopted by the church in 1911. However, in the ensuing decade he saw the dress standards being increasingly ignored. Men began to wear ties and women were adopting fashionable clothes and modern hair styles. Kesler also protested the acceptance of lodge and secret society membership, divorce and remarriage, and a salaried educated ministry (which was pushing aside the traditional lay eldership).

The emergence of the Bible Monitor movement led to much tension within the Church of the Brethren. In 1923 Kesler was refused a seat at the annual conference. That same year he met with supporters at Denton, Maryland, to further organize efforts to reform the church. Subsequent meetings were held in different locations over the next few years. However, by 1926 it became evident that the church would not accept the movement's perspective, and at a meeting at Plevna, Indiana, the Dunkard Brethren Church was organized.

The Dunkard Brethren Church follows traditional Brethren beliefs and practices, and until recently has rebaptized members who joined from less stict branches of the church. The Dunkard Brethren adopted and enforces the dress standards accepted by the Church of the Brethren in 1911. Modesty and simplicity (though not uniformity) of dress is required. No gold or other jewelry is worn. Women keep their hair long and simply styled. They generally wear a white cap. Men cut their hair short. Divorce and remarriage are not allowed. Life insurance is discouraged. No musical instruments are used in worship.

The church has three orders of ministry. Elders marry, bury, and administer the ordinances; ministers preach and assist the elders in their sacramental role; deacons attend to temporal matters. All are laymen elected by their local congregations. The standing committee, composed of al1 the elders of the church, has general oversight of the church. Together with the ministers and elders elect ed by the local churches as delegates, they form the general conference, the highest legislative body in the church. Its decisions are final on all matters brought before it. The church is organized into four districts which meet annually.

The Dunkard Brethren Church also supports the Torreon Navajo Mission in New Mexico.

Membership: In 1980 the Dunkard Brethren reported 1,035 members in twenty-six congregations.

Periodicals: The Bible Monitor. Available from the editor at 1138 E. 12th St., Beaumont, CA 92223.

Sources:

Dunkard Brethren Church Manual. Dunkard Brethren Church, 1971.

Dunkard Brethren Church Polity. N.p. 1980

Minutes of the General Conference of the Dunkard Brethren Church from 1927 to 1975. Wauseon, OH: Glanz Lithographing Company, 1976.

★951★

Emmanuel's Fellowship

Current address not obtained for this edition.

Emmanuel's Fellowship was formed in 1966 by members of the Old Order River Brethren, under the leadership of Paul Goodling of Greencastle, Pennsylvania. Goodling rejected the Brethren's insistence on baptism by immersion and their allowing members to accept social security benefits. The fellowship baptizes by pouring, as the candidate stands in water. There are very strict dress requirements.

Membership: Not reported. In 1967 there was one congregation of 15 members.

★952★

Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches

Winona Lake, IN 46590

The movement which led to the founding of the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches developed within the Brethren Church (Ashland, Ohio) during the 1930s. Conservatives within the Church voiced concern over liberal tendencies within the church and more particularly at the church-supported school, Ashland College. Led by ministers such as Alva J. McClain, the National Ministerial Association drew up and adopted the "Message of the Brethren Ministry," a statement of the Brethren position. The entire church refused to adopt the statement on the grounds that it seemed to be a substitute for their adherence to the New Testament as their only creed.

Conservatives scored a second victory in 1930 when a graduate school of theology opened at Ashland under McClain's leadership. However, in 1937, both McClain, then dean of the school, and Professor Herman A. Hoyt were dismissed. Their supporters organized Grace Theological Seminary as a new institution for ministerial training, which set the stage for a confrontation at the 1939 General Conference of the Church. After the exclusion of some of the new seminary's supporters, all walked out and formed the National Fellowship of Brethren Churches, which in 1976 assumed its present name.

The new church adopted the 1921 "Message of the Brethren Ministry" as its doctrinal position. That document was replaced in 1969 by a revised and expanded "Statement of Faith." The new statement affirms the conservative evangelical theology of the original document but adds a lengthy statement on various eschatological issues such as the premillennial return of Christ, eternal punishment for nonbelievers and a belief in a personal Satan. The church practices baptism by triune immersion and a threefold communion that includes footwashing, a meal, and partaking of the elements of bread and the cup.

The Fellowship adopted a congregational polity. The Conference of the Fellowship meets annually and oversees the several schools and a vigorous mission program. The Foreign Mission Society operates in Argentina, Brazil, Africa, France, Germany, Hawaii, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. The National Council of Churches is stanchly opposed.

Membership: In 1996 the fellowship reported 34,500 members, 270 congregations, and 562 ministers.

Educational Facilities: Grace Theological Seminary, Winona Lake, Indiana.

Grace College, Winona Lake, Indiana.

Periodicals: Brethren Missionary Herald.

Sources:

Baumann, Louis S. The Faith. Winona Lake, IN: Brethren Missionary Herald Co., 1960.

Hoyt, Herman A. Then Would My Servants Fight. Winona Lake, IN: Brethren Missionary Herald Co., 1956.

Kent, Homer A., Sr. Conquering Frontiers: A History of the Brethren Church. Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1972.

McClain, Alva J. Daniel's Prophecy of the Seventy Weeks. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publications, n.d.

★953★

Fundamental Brethren Church

Current address not obtained for this edition.

The Fundamental Brethren Church was formed in 1962 by former members of four congregations of the Church of the Brethren in Mitchell County, North Carolina, under the leadership of Calvin Barnett. The doctrinally conservative group adopted the "Message of the Brethren Ministry," a statement written by some ministers in the Brethren Church (Ashland, Ohio) in the 1920s as their doctrinal standard. Among the issues involved in their leaving the Church of the Brethren, its participation in the National Council of Churches and use of the Revised Standard Version of the Bible were prominent. The group added to its doctrinal statement that the King James Version of the Bible is authoritative. It also adopted a fundamental premillennial dispensational theological stance. By 1967, there were four congregations with 200 members.

Membership: In the 1970s there were 3 congregations of less than 200 members.

★954★

Independent Brethren Church

Current address not obtained for this edition.

The Independent Brethren Church was formed in 1972. On February 12 of that year, the Upper Marsh Creek congregation at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, of the Church of the Brethren withdrew and became an independent body. Later that year, members from the Antietam congregation left and established the independent Blue Rock congregation near Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. These two congregations united as the Independent Brethren Church. They are conservative in their following of Brethren belief and practice. They have kept the plain dress and oppose any affiliation with the National Council of Churches.

Membership: In 1980 the Independent Brethren Church had approximately 85 members in two congregations.

★955★

Old Brethren Church

Current address not obtained for this edition.

The Old Brethren Church, generally termed simply the Old Brethren, is a name taken by two congregations which split from the Old German Baptist Brethren in 1913 (Deer Creek congregation in Carroll County, Indiana) and in 1915 (Salida congregation in Stanislaus County, California). Though widely separated geographically, the two congregations banded together and in 1915 published The Old Brethren's Reasons, a twenty-four page pamphlet outlining their position. The Old Brethren dissented from the Old German Baptist Brethren's refusal to make annual meeting decisions uniformly applicable and from their allowing divergences of practice and discipline among the different congregations. Also, the Old Brethren called for greater strictness in plain dress and called for houses and carriages shorn of any frills which would gratify the lust of the eye.

In particular, the Old Brethren denounced the automobile and the telephone. Use of either caused a believer to be hooked into the world and inevitably led to church members being yoked together with unbelievers. In practice, over the years, the Old Brethren have been forced to change and have come to closely resemble the group from which they originally withdrew. Even prior to World War II, they began to make accommodation to the automobile.

Members of the Old Brethren meet annually at Pentecost, but keep legislation to a minimum. They allow the congregations to retain as much authority as possible.

Beginning with two congregations, the Old Brethren Church has experienced growth in spite of a schism in 1930 that led to the formation of the Old Brethren German Baptist Church. A third meeting house was built in the 1970s.

Membership: Not reported.

Periodicals: The Pilgrim. Send orders to 19201 Cherokee Road, Tuolumne, CA 95379.

Sources:

Kraybill, Donald B., and Carl F. Bowman. On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

★956★

Old Brethren German Baptist Church

Current address not obtained for this edition.

The Old Brethren German Baptist Church originated among the most conversative members of the Old Brethren Church and the Old Order German Baptist Brethren Church. Around 1930 members of the Old Brethren Deer Creek congregation near Camden, Indiana, began to fellowship with the Old Order Brethren in the Covington, Ohio, area. However, by 1935 the traditionalist Old Brethren found themselves unable to continue their affiliations with the Ohio Brethren. They continued as an independent congregation until they made contact with a few Old Order Brethren near Bradford, Ohio, who met in the home of Solomon Lavy. In 1939 the two groups merged and adopted the name Old Brethren German Baptist Church. They were joined in 1953 by a group of Old Order Brethren from Arcanum, Ohio.

The Old Brethren is the most conservative of all Brethren groups. They use neither automobiles, tractors, electricity, or telephones. Their only accommodation to modern mechanization is that they do permit occasional use of stationary gasoline engines and will hire nonmembers for specific tasks requiring machinery. Members follow a strict personal code of nonconformity to the world. Homes and buggies are plainly furnished and simply painted. No gold or jewelry is worn. Farmers do not raise or habitually use tobacco. Members do not vote or purchase life insurance.

Membership: Not reported.

Sources:

Kraybill, Donald B., and Carl F. Bowman. On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Menonites, Amish, and Brethren. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

★957★

Old German Baptist Brethren

Rte. 1, Box 140
Bringhurst, IN 46913

The Old German Baptist Brethren represents the conservative wing in the Brethren movement. This group withdrew in 1881. The group was protesting innovative tendencies and was opposed to Sunday schools, missions, higher education, and church societies and auxiliaries. It has lessened its opposition to higher education among members and now sponsors parochial schools. No missions are supported, and children attend the regular services of the church instead of having a church school.

The Old German Baptist Brethren wear plain clothes and are committed to non-participation in war, government, secret societies, and worldly amusements. They also object to participation in government (i.e., voting) even by members whose conscience otherwise allows it. They remain conservative on oaths, lawsuits, non-salaried ministry, and veiled heads for women at worship.

Membership: In 2002 the Brethren reported 6,205 members in 56 churches served by 236 ministers.

Periodicals: The Vindicator. Send orders to 6952 N. Montgomery Co. Line Rd., Englewood, OH 45322.

Sources:

Fisher, H. M., et al. Doctrinal Treatise. Covington, OH: Little Printing Company, 1954.

★958★

Old Order German Baptist Church

Current address not obtained for this edition.

As the Old German Baptist Brethren continued to deal with questions of accommodating to a fast-moving society in the early twentieth century, a group of members withdrew in 1921 because of the departure of the Old German Baptist Brethren from the established order and old paths. The petitioners, as they were informally called, could be found throughout the brethren, but were concentrated in the congregations at Covington and Arcanum, Ohio.

Staunchly set against most modern conveniences, the Old Order German Baptists have over the year been forced to accommodate. Automobiles are forbidden, but tractors are now allowed for farm work. Members do not use electricity or telephones. Increasingly, younger members have been forced to leave the farm and seek employment in nonfarm occupations.

Membership: In 1980 the church had less than 100 members and three congregations, all in Ohio (Gettysburg, Covington, and Arcanum).