A

SYSTEMATIC OUTLINE OF CONTENTS

This outline provides a general overview of the conceptual scheme of the Encyclopedia, listing the titles of each entry and subentry. Because the section headings are not mutually exclusive, certain entries in the Encyclopedia are listed in more than one section. Monarchs of the same name are listed first by their country, and then numerically. Thus, for example, Henry VII and Henry VIII of England precede Henry II of France.

1 Interpretation and Historiography
2 Periods
3 Social History
4 Everyday Life
5 Social Classes and Orders
6 Economic History
7 Political History
8 Law, Justice, and Crime
9 International Relations, Diplomacy, War
9.1 Wars
9.2 Treaties
10 Religion
11 Art and Culture
11.1 Literature and Language
12 Education, Printing, Literacy
13 Philosophy and Intellectual Life
14 Concepts and Ideas
15 Science
16 Technology
17 Events
18 Places
18.1 Countries and Regions
18.2 Cities
18.3 Places Outside Europe
18.4 Oceans and Seas
19 Biographies
19.1 Dynasties
19.2 Biographies

1 INTERPRETATION AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

Early Modern Period: Art Historical Interpretations

Historiography

Military: Historiography

2 PERIODS

Introduction: The Early Modern Period

Ancien Régime

Baroque

Crisis of the Seventeenth Century

Enlightenment

Industrial Revolution

Late Middle Ages

Renaissance

Revolutions, Age of

3 SOCIAL HISTORY

Agriculture

Banditry

Census

Charity and Poor Relief

Cities and Urban Life

Duel

Enclosure

Environment

Estates and Country Houses

Feudalism

Food Riots

Gambling

Gender

Ghetto

Harem

Homosexuality

Honor

Hospitals

Hunting

Landholding

Madness and Melancholy

Mobility, Geographic

Mobility, Social

Odalisque

Patriarchy and Paternalism

Plague

Poverty

Prostitution

Public Health

Race, Theories of

Refugees, Exiles, and É migrés

Sanitation

Serfdom

Serfdom in East Central Europe

Serfdom in Russia

Servants

Sexual Difference, Theories of

Sexuality and Sexual Behavior

Slavery and the Slave Trade

Spas and Resorts

Sumptuary Laws

Villages

Weather and Climate

Women

4 EVERYDAY LIFE

Childhood and Childrearing

Clothing

Concubinage

Consumption

Daily Life

Death and Dying

Divorce

Family

Food and Drink

Games and Play

Housing

Inheritance and Wills

Marriage

Midwives

Motherhood and Childbearing

Old Age

Orphans and Foundlings

Sports

Suicide

Vagrants and Beggars

Widows and Widowhood

Youth

5 SOCIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS

Aristocracy and Gentry

Artisans

Bourgeoisie

Class, Status, and Order

Divine Right Kingship

Gentleman

Guilds

Laborers

Monarchy

Patriarchy and Paternalism

Peasantry

Queens and Empresses

Rentiers

Serfdom

Serfdom in East Central Europe

Serfdom in Russia

Servants

6 ECONOMIC HISTORY

Accounting and Bookkeeping

Banking and Credit

Bankruptcy

Capitalism

Colonialism

Commerce and Markets

Communication and Transportation

Economic Crises

Exploration

Forests and Woodlands

Fur Trade

North America

Russia

Hansa

Industrial Revolution

Industry

Inflation

Insurance

Interest

Law's System

Liberalism, Economic

Lottery

Mercantilism

Money and Coinage

Central and Eastern Europe

Western Europe

Monopoly

Pawning

Physiocrats and Physiocracy

Postal Systems

Property

Proto-Industry

Shipping

Shops and Shopkeeping

Stock Exchanges

Strikes

Sugar

Taxation

Textile Industry

Tobacco

Trading Companies

Triangular Trade Pattern

Tulips

Wages

7 POLITICAL HISTORY

Absolutism

Assassination

Authority, Concept of

Autocracy

Citizenship

City-State

Constitutionalism

Court and Courtiers

Democracy

Divine Right Kingship

Duma

English Civil War Radicalism

Enlightened Despotism

Exclusion Crisis

Holy Roman Empire Institutions

Imperial Expansion, Russia

Intendants

Jacobitism

Janissary

Kalmar, Union of

Khmelnytsky Uprising

Liberty

Monarchy

National Identity

Navigation Acts

Nepotism

Officeholding

Parliament

Patronage

Political Parties in England

Political Philosophy

Political Secularization

Popular Protest and Rebellions

Porte

Provincial Government

Queens and Empresses

Regency

Representative Institutions

Republicanism

Resistance, Theory of

Rights, Natural

Sarmatism

Sea Beggars

Sovereignty, Theory of

State and Bureaucracy

Sultan

3 May Constitution

Tulip Era (Ottoman Empire)

Tyranny, Theory of

Violence

Vizier

8 LAW, JUSTICE, AND CRIME

Crime and Punishment

Galleys

Law

Canon Law

Common Law

Courts

International Law

Lawyers

Roman Law

Russian Law

Lettre de Cachet

Oprichnina

Parlements

Persecution

Piracy

Police

Star Chamber

Torture

9 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, DIPLOMACY, WAR

Cambrai, League of (1508)

Diplomacy

Espionage

Holy Leagues

Kalmar, Union of

Mercenaries

Military

Armies: Recruitment, Organization, and Social Composition

Battle Tactics and Campaign Strategy

Early Modern Military Theory

Historiography

Navy

Pacifism

9.1 WARS

American Independence, War of (1775–1783)

Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars

Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–1748)

Austro-Ottoman Wars

Devolution, War of (1667–1668)

Dutch Revolt (1568–1648)

Dutch War (1672–1678)

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Italian Wars (1494–1559)

Jenkins' Ear, War of (1739–1748)

League of Augsburg, War of the (1688–1697)

Livonian War (1558–1583)

Mantuan Succession, War of the (1627–1631)

Northern Wars

Polish Succession, War of the (1733–1738)

Restoration, Portuguese War of (1640–1668)

Russo-Ottoman Wars

Russo-Polish Wars

Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547)

Seven Years' War (1756–1763)

Spanish Succession, War of the (1701–1714)

Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)

Wars of Religion, French

9.2 TREATIES

Andrusovo, Truce of (1667)

Augsburg, Religious Peace of

Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)

Passarowitz, Peace of (1718)

Pyrenees, Peace of the (1659)

Utrecht, Peace of (1713)

Westphalia, Peace of (1648)

10 RELIGION

Anabaptism

Anticlericalism

Apocalypticism

Atheism

Augsburg, Religious Peace of

Bible

Interpretation

Translations and Editions

Cabala

Calvinism

Catholic Spirituality and Mysticism

Catholicism

Church and State Relations

Church of England

Clergy

Protestant Clergy

Roman Catholic Clergy

Russian Orthodox Clergy

Confraternities

Conversos

Deism

Dissenters, English

Febronianism

Gallicanism

Hagiography

Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)

Huguenots

Hussites

Hymns

Inquisition

Inquisition, Roman

Inquisition, Spanish

Islam in the Ottoman Empire

Jansenism

Jesuits

Jews, Attitudes toward

Jews and Judaism

Josephinism

Lutheranism

Marburg, Colloquy of

Martyrs and Martyrology

Messianism, Jewish

Methodism

Miracles

Missions, Parish

Missions and Missionaries

Asia

Spanish America

Moravian Brethren

Moriscos

Nantes, Edict of

Old Believers

Orthodoxy, Greek

Orthodoxy, Russian

Papacy and Papal States

Pietism

Poissy, Colloquy of

Preaching and Sermons

Puritanism

Quakers

Quietism

Reformation, Catholic

Reformation, Protestant

Reformations in Eastern Europe: Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox

Religious Orders

Religious Piety

Seminary

Swedenborgianism

Theology

Toleration

Trent, Council of

Uniates

Union of Brest (1596)

Witchcraft

11 ART AND CULTURE

Academies of Art

Architecture

Art

Art Exhibitions

The Art Market and Collecting

Art Theory, Criticism, and

Historiography

Artistic Patronage

The Conception and Status of the Artist

Baroque

Biography and Autobiography

Britain, Architecture in

Britain, Art in

Camera Obscura

Caricature and Cartoon

Carnival

Central Europe, Art in

Ceramics, Pottery, and Porcelain

City Planning

Classicism

Coins and Medals

Commedia dell'Arte

Dance

Decorative Arts

Drama

English

German

Italian

Spanish and Portuguese

Festivals

Florence, Art in

Fontainebleau, School of

Forgeries, Copies, and Casts

France, Architecture in

France, Art in

Gardens and Parks

Grand Tour

Heraldry

Humor

Jewelry

Latin

Mannerism

Music

Music Criticism

Naples, Art in

Neoclassicism

Netherlands, Art in the

Art in the Netherlands, 1500–1585

Art in Flanders, 1585–1700

Art in the Northern Netherlands, 1585–1700

Opera

Painting

Pastel

Picturesque

Pompeii and Herculaneum

Popular Culture

Portrait Miniatures

Prints and Popular Imagery

Early Popular Imagery

Later Prints and Printmaking

Republic of Letters

Ritual, Civic and Royal

Ritual, Religious

Rococo

Romanticism

Rome, Architecture in

Rome, Art in

Russia, Architecture in

Russia, Art in

Sculpture

Songs, Popular

Spain, Art in

Tournament

Travel and Travel Literature

Veduta (View Painting)

Venice, Architecture in

Venice, Art in

Women and Art

11.1 LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE

Czech Literature and Language

Dutch Literature and Language

English Literature and Language

French Literature and Language

German Literature and Language

Hungarian Literature and Language

Italian Literature and Language

Lithuanian Literature and Language

Polish Literature and Language

Portuguese Literature and Language

Russian Literature and Language

Spanish Literature and Language

Swedish Literature and Language

Turkish Literature and Language

Ukrainian Literature and Language

12 EDUCATION, PRINTING, LITERACY

Academies, Learned

Advice and Etiquette Books

Ancient World

Censorship

Communication, Scientific

Diaries

Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

Dissemination of Knowledge

Education

Encyclopédie

Folk Tales and Fairy Tales

Index of Prohibited Books

Journalism, Newspapers, and Newssheets

Journals, Literary

Latin

Libraries

Literacy and Reading

Pornography

Printing and Publishing

Public Opinion

Republic of Letters

Rhetoric

Salons

Universities

13 PHILOSOPHY AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE

Aristotelianism

Atheism

Cabala

Cambridge Platonists

Cartesianism

Cosmology

Empiricism

Epistemology

Feminism

Freemasonry

Hermeticism

Historiography

Humanists and Humanism

Idealism

Logic

Mechanism

Moral Philosophy and Ethics

Neoplatonism

Occult Philosophy

Philosophes

Philosophy

Political Philosophy

Psychology

Republic of Letters

Rosicrucianism

Salamanca, School of

Scholasticism

Skepticism: Academic and Pyrrhonian

Stoicism

14 CONCEPTS AND IDEAS

Ancients and Moderns

Design

Determinism

Enthusiasm

Equality and Inequality

Free Will

Natural Law

Nature

Noble Savage

Passions

Progress

Providence

Race, Theories of

Reason

Sensibility

Sexual Difference, Theories of

Sublime, Idea of the

Time, Measurement of

Utopia

Virtue

15 SCIENCE

Acoustics

Alchemy

Anatomy and Physiology

Apothecaries

Archaeology

Astrology

Astronomy

Barometer

Biology

Botany

Calendar

Cartography and Geography

Chemistry

Earth, Theories of the

Ethnography

Geology

Magic

Marvels and Wonders

Mathematics

Matter, Theories of

Medicine

Museums

Natural History

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Optics

Physics

Prophecy

Scientific Illustration

Scientific Instruments

Scientific Method

Scientific Revolution

Secrets, Books of

Statistics

Surgeons

Zoology

16 TECHNOLOGY

Balloons

Barometer

Chronometer

Clocks and Watches

Engineering

Civil

Military

Firearms

Industrial Revolution

Industry

Proto-Industry

Shipbuilding and Navigation

Surveying

Technology

Weights and Measures

17 EVENTS

Armada, Spanish

Augsburg, Religious Peace of (1555)

Camisard Revolt

Catalonia, Revolt of (1640–1652)

Catholic League (France)

Comuneros Revolt (1520–1521)

Diamond Necklace, Affair of

Dort, Synod of

English Civil War and Interregnum

Estates-General, French

Estates-General, 1614

Estates-General, 1789

Fronde

Glorious Revolution (Britain)

Jews, Expulsion of (Spain; Portugal)

Khmelnytsky Uprising

Lepanto, Battle of

Lublin, Union of (1569)

Moriscos, Expulsion of (Spain)

Nantes, Edict of

Naples, Revolt of (1647)

Patriot Revolution

Peasants' War, German

Poisons, Affair of the

Poland, Partitions of

Prague, Defenestration of

Pugachev Revolt (1773–1775)

Rákóczi Revolt

Rome, Sack of

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Salzburg Expulsion

Time of Troubles (Russia)

Trent, Council of

Union of Brest (1596)

Vienna, Sieges of

18 PLACES

18.1 COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

Austria

Balkans

Baltic Nations

Basque Country

Bavaria

Belarus

Black Sea Steppe

Bohemia

Brandenburg

Brittany

Burgundy

Catalonia

Corsica

Cossacks

Denmark

Dutch Republic

England

France

Germany, Idea of

Greece

Habsburg Territories

Hesse, Landgraviate of

Hetmanate (Ukraine)

Holy Roman Empire

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Kalmar, Union of

Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, to 1569

Lorraine, Duchy of

Milan

Naples, Kingdom of

Netherlands, Southern

Ottoman Empire

Palatinate

Parma

Poland to 1569

Poland-Lithuania, Commonwealth of, 1569–1795

Portugal

Prussia

Roma (Gypsies)

Romania

Russia

Savoy, duchy of

Saxony

Scotland

Serbia

Silesia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Teutonic Knights

Ukraine

Venice

Württemberg, duchy of

18.2 CITIES

Amsterdam

Antwerp

Augsburg

Barcelona

Berlin

Bordeaux

Boston

Budapest

Buenos Aires

Cádiz

Charleston

Cologne

Constantinople

Cracow

Dresden

Dublin

Edinburgh

Florence

Frankfurt am Main

Free and Imperial Cities

Gdańsk

Geneva

Genoa

Goa

Granada

Hamburg

Hanover

Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Kiev

La Rochelle

Leipzig

Lima

Lisbon

London

Lübeck

Lviv

Lyon

Macau

Madrid

Manila

Mantua

Marseille

Mexico City

Moscow

Munich

Münster

New York

Nuremberg

Paris

Philadelphia

Potosí

Prague

Rome

St. Petersburg

Seville

Smyrna (İzmir)

Stockholm

Strasbourg

Toledo

Topkapi Palace

Versailles

Vienna

Vilnius

Warsaw

Zurich

18.3 PLACES OUTSIDE EUROPE

Africa

North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Arctic and Antarctic

Asia

British Colonies

The Caribbean

India

North America

Dutch Colonies

The Americas

The East Indies

Europe and the World

French Colonies

The Caribbean

India

North America

Levant

Portuguese Colonies

Africa

Brazil

The Indian Ocean and Asia

Madeira and the Azores

Spanish Colonies

Africa and the Canary Islands

The Caribbean

Mexico

Other American Colonies

Peru

The Philippines

18.4 OCEANS AND SEAS

Atlantic Ocean

Baltic and North Seas

Islands

Mediterranean Basin

Pacific Ocean

19 BIOGRAPHIES

19.1 DYNASTIES

Bourbon Dynasty (France)

Bourbon Dynasty (Spain)

Dientzenhofer Family

Habsburg Dynasty

Austria

Spain

Hanoverian Dynasty (Great Britain)

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Jagiełłon Dynasty (Poland-Lithuania)

Ottoman Dynasty

Romanov Dynasty (Russia)

Stuart Dynasty (England and Scotland)

Tudor Dynasty (England)

Valois Dynasty (France)

Vasa Dynasty (Sweden)

Wittelsbach Dynasty (Bavaria)

19.2 BIOGRAPHIES

Addison, Joseph

Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of

Aldrovandi, Ulisse

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d'

Alexis I (Russia)

Anguissola, Sofonisba

Anna (Russia)

Anne (England)

Anne of Austria

Anne of Brittany

Arnauld Family

Asam Family

Augustus II the Strong (Saxony and Poland)

Avvakum Petrovich

Bach Family

Bacon, Francis

Bassi, Laura

Baxter, Richard

Bayle, Pierre

Beaumont and Fletcher

Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, marquis of

Behn, Aphra

Bellarmine, Robert

Benedict XIV (pope)

Berkeley, George

Bernini, Gian Lorenzo

Bérulle, Pierre de

Bèze, Théodore de

Bodin, Jean

Boehme, Jacob

Boerhaave, Herman

Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas

Boris Godunov (Russia)

Borromeo, Carlo

Borromini, Francesco

Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne

Boswell, James

Boucher, François

Boyle, Robert

Brahe, Tycho

Brant, Sebastian

Browne, Thomas

Bruegel Family

Bruno, Giordano

Budé, Guillaume

Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc

Bullinger, Heinrich

Bunyan, John

Burke, Edmund

Burney, Frances

Buxtehude, Dieterich

Calderón de la Barca, Pedro

Callot, Jacques

Calvin, John

Camões, Luís Vaz de

Canova, Antonio

Caravaggio and Caravaggism

Carracci Family

Carriera, Rosalba

Casanova, Giacomo Girolamo

Castiglione, Baldassare

Catherine II (Russia)

Catherine de Médicis

Cavendish, Margaret

Caxton, William

Cecil Family

Cellini, Benvenuto

Cervantes, Miguel de

Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon

Charles I (England)

Charles II (England)

Charles VIII (France)

Charles V (Holy Roman Empire)

Charles VI (Holy Roman Empire)

Charles II (Spain)

Charles III (Spain)

Charles X Gustav (Sweden)

Charles XII (Sweden)

Charles the Bold (Burgundy)

Charleton, Walter

Christina (Sweden)

Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough

Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de

Claude Lorrain (Gellée)

Clouet, François

Cobos, Francisco de los

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste

Coligny Family

Columbus, Christopher

Comenius, Jan Amos

Condé Family

Condorcet, Marie-Jean Caritat, marquis de

Copernicus, Nicolaus

Cornaro Piscopia, Elena Lucrezia

Corneille, Pierre

Correggio

Cortés, Hernán

Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de

Cranach Family

Cromwell, Oliver

Cromwell, Thomas

Cullen, William

Dashkova, Princess Catherine

David, Jacques-Louis

Dee, John

Defoe, Daniel

Descartes, René

Diderot, Denis

Donne, John

Dryden, John

Dürer, Albrecht

Éboli, Ruy Gómez de Silva, prince of

Edward VI (England)

El Greco

Elizabeth I (England)

Elizabeth (Russia)

Ensenada, Cenón Somodevilla, marqués de la

Erasmus, Desiderius

Euler, Leonhard

False Dmitrii, First

Farnese, Isabel (Spain)

Fénelon, François

Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Empire)

Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Empire)

Ferdinand III (Holy Roman Empire)

Ferdinand VI (Spain)

Ferdinand of Aragón

Fielding, Henry

Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard

Floridablanca, JoséMoñino, count of

Fragonard, Jean-Honoré

Francis I (France)

Francis II (Holy Roman Empire)

Franck, Sebastian

François de Sales

Frederick III (Holy Roman Empire)

Frederick I (Prussia)

Frederick II (Prussia)

Frederick William (Brandenburg)

Frederick William I (Prussia)

Frederick William II (Prussia)

Fugger Family

Gabrieli, Andrea and Giovanni

Gainsborough, Thomas

Galileo Galilei

Gama, Vasco da

Gassendi, Pierre

Gattinara, Mercurino

Gentileschi, Artemisia

Geoffrin, Marie-Thérèse

George I (Great Britain)

George II (Great Britain)

George III (Great Britain)

Gessner, Conrad

Giambologna (Giovanni da Bologna)

Gianonne, Pietro

Gibbon, Edward

Gilbert, William

Giorgione

Glisson, Francis

Gluck, Christoph Willibald von

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

Goldoni, Carlo

Góngora y Argote, Luis de

Goya y Lucientes, Francisco de

Graunt, John

Greuze, Jean-Baptiste

Grimm, Friedrich Melchior von

Grimmelshausen, H. J. C. von

Grotius, Hugo

Guicciardini, Francesco

Guise Family

Gustavus II Adolphus (Sweden)

Gutenberg, Johannes

Haller, Albrecht von

Hals, Frans

Handel, George Frideric

Harley, Robert

Harrington, James

Hartlib, Samuel

Harvey, William

Hastings, Warren

Haydn, Franz Joseph

Helmont, Jean Baptiste van

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien

Henry VII (England)

Henry VIII (England)

Henry II (France)

Henry III (France)

Henry IV (France)

Herder, Johann Gottfried von

Hobbes, Thomas

Hogarth, William

Holbach, Paul Thiry, baron d'

Holbein, Hans, the Younger

Hooke, Robert

Hooker, Richard

Hume, David

Huygens Family

Ignatius of Loyola

Isabel Clara Eugenia and Albert of Habsburg

Isabella of Castile

Ivan III (Muscovy)

Ivan IV, "the Terrible" (Russia)

Jadwiga (Poland)

James I and VI (England and Scotland)

James II (England)

Joanna I, "the Mad" (Spain)

Johnson, Samuel

Jones, Inigo

Jonson, Ben

Joseph I (Holy Roman Empire)

Joseph II (Holy Roman Empire)

Juan de Austria, Don

Julius II (pope)

Kant, Immanuel

Kauffmann, Angelica

Kepler, Johannes

Khmelnytsky, Bohdan

Kircher, Athanasius

Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb

Knox, John

Kochanowski, Jan

Kołłątaj, Hugo

La Bruyère, Jean de

La Fayette, Marie-Madeleine de

La Fontaine, Jean de

La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de

La Rochefoucauld, François, duc de

Laclos, Pierre Ambroise Choderlos de

Lagrange, Joseph-Louis

Las Casas, Bartoloméde

Lasso, Orlando di

Laud, William

Lavoisier, Antoine

Le Brun, Charles

Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas

Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm

Leo X (pope)

Leonardo da Vinci

Leopold I (Holy Roman Empire)

Lerma, Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st duke of

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim

Leyden, Jan van

L'Hôpital, Michel de

Linnaeus, Carl

Lipsius, Justus

Locke, John

Louis XII (France)

Louis XIII (France)

Louis XIV (France)

Louis XV (France)

Louis XVI (France)

Louvois, François Le Tellier, marquis de

Lully, Jean-Baptiste

Luther, Martin

Machiavelli, Niccolò

Magellan, Ferdinand

Malpighi, Marcello

Mandeville, Bernard

Mansart, François

Marguerite de Navarre

Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empire)

Mariana, Juan de

Marie Antoinette

Marie de l'Incarnation

Marie de Médicis

Marillac, Michel de

Marlowe, Christopher

Mary I (England)

Matthias (Holy Roman Empire)

Maulbertsch, Franz Anton

Maximilian I (Holy Roman Empire)

Maximilian II (Holy Roman Empire)

Mazarin, Jules

Mazepa, Ivan

Medici Family

Medina Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th duke of

Mehmed II (Ottoman Empire)

Melanchthon, Philipp

Mendelssohn, Moses

Mengs, Anton Raphael

Merian, Maria Sibylla

Mersenne, Marin

Mesmer, Franz Anton

Michael Romanov (Russia)

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Milton, John

Mohyla, Peter

Molière

Montaigne, Michel de

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat de

Monteverdi, Claudio

More, Henry

More, Thomas

Morozova, Boiarynia

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus

Muratori, Ludovico Antonio

Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban

Nasi Family

Neumann, Balthasar

Newton, Isaac

Nikon, patriarch

Novalis

Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich

Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van

Oldenburg, Henry

Olivares, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, count of

Oxenstierna, Axel

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da

Palladio, Andrea, and Palladianism

Paracelsus

Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of

Pascal, Blaise

Patiño y Morales, José

Paul I (Russia)

Paul III (pope)

Paul V (pope)

Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de

Pepys, Samuel

Perrault, Charles

Peter I (Russia)

Petty, William

Philip II (Spain)

Philip III (Spain)

Philip IV (Spain)

Philip V (Spain)

Pilon, Germain

Piranesi, Giovanni Battista

Pitt, William the Elder and William the Younger

Pius IV (pope)

Pius V (pope)

Pizarro Brothers

Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson

Poniatowski, Stanisław II Augustus

Pope, Alexander

Poussin, Nicolas

Prévost d'Exiles, Antoine-François

Priestley, Joseph

Prokopovich, Feofan

Purcell, Henry

Rabelais, François

Racine, Jean

Rameau, Jean-Philippe

Ramus, Petrus

Raphael

Ray, John

Razin, Stepan

Rembrandt van Rijn

Reynolds, Joshua

Richardson, Samuel

Richelieu, Armand-Jean Du Plessis, cardinal

Robertson, William

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Rubens, Peter Paul

Rudolf II (Holy Roman Empire)

Ruysch, Rachel

Sade, Donatien-Alphonse-François de

Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy

Sarpi, Paolo (Pietro)

Scarlatti, Domenico and Alessandro

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

Schütz, Heinrich

Scudéry, Madeleine de

Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de

Sévigné, Marie de

Shabbetai Tzevi

Shakespeare, William

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley

Sidney, Philip

Sigismund II Augustus (Poland, Lithuania)

Sinan

Sixtus V (pope)

Sleidanus, Johannes

Smith, Adam

Smollett, Tobias

Smotrytskyi, Meletii

Sofiia Alekseevna

Spenser, Edmund

Spinoza, Baruch

Sprat, Thomas

Steele, Richard

Steno, Nicolaus

Stephen Báthory

Sterne, Laurence

Suleiman I

Swift, Jonathan

Tasso, Torquato

Teresa of Ávila

Thomasius, Christian

Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista

Tilly, Johann Tserclaes of

Tintoretto

Titian

Urban VIII (pope)

Van Dyck, Anthony

Vasari, Giorgio

Vasilii III (Muscovy)

Vaughan, Thomas

Vega, Lope de

Velázquez, Diego

Vermeer, Jan

Veronese (Paolo Caliari)

Vesalius, Andreas

Vico, Giovanni Battista

Victoria, Tomás Luis de

Viète, François

Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth

Vincent de Paul

Vivaldi, Antonio

Vives, Juan Luis

Voltaire

Vouet, Simon

Wallenstein, A. W. E. von

Walpole, Horace

Watteau, Antoine

Wesley Family

Wieland, Christoph Martin

Wilkins, John

William and Mary

William of Orange

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim

Witt, Johan and Cornelis de

Władysław II Jagiełło (Poland)

Wolff, Christian

Wren, Christopher

Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von

Zurbarán, Francisco de

Zwingli, Huldrych