DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS
O. W. ABI-MERSHED
Georgetown University
Africa: North Africa
ANN JENSEN ADAMS
University of California,
Santa Barbara
Netherlands, Art in the: Art in Flanders, 1585–1700
Netherlands, Art in the: Art in the Netherlands, 1500–1585
Netherlands, Art in the: Art in the Northern Netherlands, 1585–1700
Rembrandt van Rijn
CHRISTINE ADAMS
St. Mary's College
Bordeaux
Bourgeoisie
GAÁBOR ÁGOSTON
Georgetown University
Budapest
Hungarian Literature and Language
Hungary
Rákóczi Revolt
Vienna, Sieges of
VIRGINIA H. AKSAN
McMaster University
Sultan
Vizier
KEN ALBALA
University of the Pacific
Consumption
AMIR ALEXANDER
Author of Geometrical
Landscapes: The Voyages of
Discovery and the
Transformation of Mathematical
Practice
Euler, Leonhard
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis
Mathematics
Viéte, François
MICHAEL J. B. ALLEN
University of California, Los Angeles
Neoplatonism
GLENN J. AMES
University of Toledo
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
French Colonies: India
Gama, Vasco da
Mercantilism
WILDA CHRISTINE ANDERSON
Johns Hopkins University
Condorcet, Marie-Jean Caritat, marquis de
Lavoisier, Antoine
WALTER G. ANDREWS
University of Washington
Turkish Literature and Language
WILBUR APPLEBAUM
Illinois Institute of Technology Copernicus, Nicolaus
KARL APPUHN
University of Oregon
Genoa
IAN W. ARCHER
Keble College, Oxford University
London
ROGER ARIEW
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University
Aristotelianism
RONALD G. ASCH
University of Osnabrück
Aristocracy and Gentry
Court and Courtiers
Thirty Years' War
(1618–1648)
WILLIAM B. ASHWORTH, JR.
University of Missouri
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
Steno, Nicolaus
CHRISTOPHER D. M. ATKINS
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Hals, Frans
Ruysch, Rachel
Vermeer, Jan
CRAIG D. ATWOOD
Author of Community of the
Cross: Moravian Piety in
Colonial Bethlehem
Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von
MICHAEL AUSTIN
Shepherd College
Pepys, Samuel
DAMIAN BACICH
University of California,
Los Angeles
Vives, Juan Luis
MARTHA BALDWIN
Stonehill College
Chronometer
Clocks and Watches
Gilbert, William
PETER BARKER
University of Oklahoma
Cosmology
Kepler, Johannes
Stoicism
G. J. BARKER-BENFIELD
University at Albany, State
University of New York
Sensibility
ROBIN B. BARNES
Davidson College
Apocalypticism
Prophecy
PAUL BAROLSKY
University of Virginia
Vasari, Giorgio
M. ELIZABETH C. BARTLET
Duke University
Gluck, Christoph Willibald von
Rameau, Jean-Philippe
GEORGE C. BAUER ASSOCIATE EDITOR
University of California, Irvine
Academies of Art
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo
Caricature and Cartoon
Prints and Popular Imagery: Later Prints and Printmaking
LINDA F. BAUER ASSOCIATE EDITOR
University of California, Irvine
Forgeries, Copies, and Casts
Maulbertsch, Franz Anton
FREDERIC J. BAUMGARTNER
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Anne of Brittany
Authority, Concept of
Charles VIII (France)
Charles the Bold (Burgundy)
Francis I (France)
Henry II (France)
Louis XII (France)
CHARLES BEDDINGTON
Beddington and Blackman Ltd., London
Veduta (View Painting)
WOLFGANG BEHRINGER
University of York, U.K.
Bavaria
Postal Systems
Wittelsbach Dynasty (Bavaria)
WILLIAM BEIK
Emory University
Popular Protest and Rebellions
KEITH R. BENSON
National Science Foundation
Buffon, Georges Louis
Leclerc
CRISTIAN BERCO
University of Toronto
Moriscos
Moriscos, Expulsion of
ROBERT W. BERGER
Author of A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture
Art: Art Exhibitions
JOSEPH BERGIN
University of Manchester
Marillac, Michel de
Richelieu, Armand-Jean Du
Plessis, cardinal
ZVI BIENER
University of Pittsburgh
Physics
ROBERT BIRELEY
Loyola University
Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Empire)
JEREMY BLACK
University of Exeter
Anne (England)
Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
England
George I (Great Britain)
George II (Great Britain)
George III (Great Britain)
Gibbon, Edward
Grand Tour
Habsburg-Valois Wars
Laud, William
Pyrenees, Peace of the (1659)
CONSTANCE BLACKWELL
Foundation for Intellectual
History
Logic
ANN BLAIR
Harvard University
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
BRIAN BOECK
Harvard University
Fur Trade: Russia
Imperial Expansion, Russia
Serfdom in Russia
DONNA BOHANAN
Auburn University
Marseille
REBECCA BOONE
Lamar University
Cambrai, League of (1508)
Gentleman
Savoy, duchy of
PETER BORSAY
University of Wales, Lampeter
Spas and Resorts
GAIL BOSSENGA
University of Kansas
Citizenship
RUTH BOTTIGHEIMER
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Folk Tales and Fairy Tales
D'A. J. D. BOULTON
University of Notre Dame
Heraldry
CYNTHIA BOUTON
Texas A & M University
Food Riots
BARBARA C. BOWEN
Vanderbilt University
Humor
JAMES M. BOYDEN
Tulane University
Éboli, Ruy Gómez de Silva, prince of
Philip II (Spain)
JOHN K. BRACKETT
University of Cincinnati
Crime and Punishment E
THOMAS A. BRADY, JR.
University of California, Berkeley
Augsburg, Religious Peace of (1555)
Germany, Idea of
Holy Roman Empire Institutions
KATHRYN BRAMMALL
Truman State University
Museums
CAROL M. BRESNAHAN
University of Toledo
Daily Life
Florence
Medici Family
Pawning
DANIEL BREWER
University of Minnesota
Encyclopédie
Philosophes
THOMAS H. BROMAN
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Medicine
DAVID BROMWICH
Yale University
Burke, Edmund
Sublime, Idea of the
KENDALL W. BROWN
Brigham Young University
Cortés, Hernán
Pizarro Brothers
Potosí
STUART BROWN
Open University, U.K.
Empiricism
DANIEL BROWNSTEIN
Independent Scholar, Bologna
Cartography and Geography
GAYLE K. BRUNELLE
California State University, Fullerton
Communication and Transportation
LAWRENCE M. BRYANT
California State University, Chico
Ritual, Civic and Royal
ALMUT BUES
German Historical Institute, Warsaw
Baltic Nations
DOROTHEA BURNS
Harvard College Libraries
Pastel
PAUL BUSKOVITCH
Yale University
Alexis I (Russia)
Boris Godunov (Russia)
Duma
Ivan III (Muscovy)
Ivan IV, "the Terrible" (Russia)
Michael Romanov (Russia)
Oprichnina
Romanov Dynasty (Russia)
Russia
Sofiia Alekseevna
Vasilii III (Muscovy)
WILLIAM CAFERRO
Vanderbilt University
Accounting and Bookkeeping
Banking and Credit
Late Middle Ages
Mercenaries
EUAN K. CAMERON
Union Theological Seminary
Clergy: Protestant Clergy
JODI CAMPBELL
Texas Christian University
Calderón de la Barca, Pedro
Charles II (Spain)
Drama: Spanish and
Portuguese
Vega, Lope de
JORGE CAÑIZAZES-ESGUERRA
University at Buffalo, State
University of New York
Race, Theories of
BERNARD CAPP
University of Warwick
English Civil War Radicalism
MICHAEL CARHART
University of Neveda, Reno
Ethnography
Herder, Johann
Gottfried von
Noble Savage
Travel and Travel Literature
MARYBETH CARLSON
University of Dayton
Servants
CHARLES CARLTON
North Carolina State University
Charles I (England)
ANN CARMICHAEL Indiana University
Plague
DAVID W. CARRITHERS
University of Tennessee, Chattanooga
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat de
LINDA L. CARROLL
Tulane University
Carnival
Casanova, Giacomo
Girolamo
Drama: Italian
Goldoni, Carlo
Italian Literature and Language
STUART CARROLL
University of York, U.K.
Catherine de Médicis
Catholic League (France)
Coligny Family
Guise Family
Henry III (France)
L'Hôpital, Michel de
DAVID CAST
Bryn Mawr College
Britain, Architecture in
Jones, Inigo
Wren, Christopher
FRANCESCO C. CESAREO
John Carroll University
Bellarmine, Robert
Borromeo, Carlo
Catholic Spirituality and Mysticism
Reformation, Catholic
Theology
SARA E. CHAPMAN
Oakland University
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne
Fénelon, François
Mazarin, Jules
LESLIE CHOQUETTE
Assumption College
French Colonies: North America
ALVIN L. CLARK, JR.
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard
Callot, Jacques
Claude Lorrain (Gellée)
Le Brun, Charles
Poussin, Nicolas
Vouet, Simon
GEOFFREY CLARK
State University of New York at Potsdam
Insurance
HENRY CLARK
Canisius College
La Rochefoucauld, François, duc de
RICHARD CLEARY
University of Texas at Austin
City Planning
Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas
JAMES CLIFTON
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Naples, Art in
LOUISE GEORGE CLUBB
University of California, Berkeley
Commedia dell'Arte
NICHOLAS H. CLULEE
Frostburg State University
Dee, John
TIMOTHY J. COATES
College of Charleston
Goa
Macau
Portuguese Colonies: The Indian Ocean and Asia
MICHAEL COLE
University of North Carolina
Cellini, Benvenuto Giambologna (Giovanni da Bologna)
JAMES B. COLLINS
Georgetown University
Absolutism
Brittany
Class, Status, and Order
MARSHA S. COLLINS
University of North Carolina
Góngora y Argote, Luis de
STEPHEN L. COLLINS
Babson College
Reason
WILLIAM CONNELL
Seton Hall University
Grotius, Hugo
NOBLE DAVID COOK
Florida International University
spanish Colonies: Peru
J. P. D. COOPER
University of Sussex
Edward VI (England)
BERNARD DOV COOPERMAN
University of Maryland
Messianism, Jewish
Nasi Family
KEVIN L. COPE
Louisiana State University
Pope, Alexander
LESLEY CORMACK
University of Alberta
Arctic and Antarctic
Surveying
FANNY COSANDEY
University of Nantes
Queens and Empresses
ALLISON P. COUDERT
Princeton University
Cabala
Magic
EDWARD COUNTRYMAN
Southern Methodist University
American Independence, War of (1775–1783)
HOWARD COUTTS
Josephine & John Bowes Museum
Ceramics, Pottery, and Porcelain
SARAH COVINGTON
Elizabethtown College
Clothing
Sports
ALEXANDER COWAN
Northumbria University, U.K.
Lübeck
DAVID L. COWEN
Rutgers University (Emeritus)
Apothecaries
KATHERINE CRAWFORD
Vanderbilt University
Sexuality and Sexual
Behavior
DANIEL A. CREWS
Central Missouri State University
Cobos, Francisco de los
DAVID M. CROWE
Elon College
Roma (Gypsies)
JOHN CUNNALLY
Iowa State University
Coins and Medals
NICHOLAS P. CUSHNER
State University of New York, Empire State College
Spanish Colonies: The Philippines
DAVID DANIELL
University of London (Emeritus)
Bible: Interpretation
Bible: Translations and Editions
GRAHAM DARBY
King Edward VI School, Bournemouth, U.K.
Wallenstein, A. W. E. von
Westphalia, Peace of (1648)
BRIAN DAVIES
University of Texas
Andrusovo, Truce of (1667)
Black Sea Steppe
False Dmitrii, First
Livonian War (1558–1583)
Razin, Stepan
Russo-Polish Wars
Time of Troubles (Russia)
J. M. DE BUJANDA
University of Sherbrooke, Quebec
Index of Prohibited Books
MICHEL DE WAELE
University of Quebec, Chicoutimi
Anne of Austria
Assassination
Fronde
Officeholding
DAVID J. DENBY
Dublin City University
Passions
DENNIS DES CHENE
Washington University, St. Louis
Determinism
Mechanism
Psychology
DOMINIQUE DESLANDRES
University of Montreal
Bérulle, Pierre de
François de Sales
Marie de l'Incarnation
Missions, Parish
Quietism
Seminary
Vincent de Paul
JONATHAN DEWALD EDITOR IN CHIEF
University at Buffalo, State University of New York
Bourbon Dynasty (France)
Diamond Necklace, Affair of
Espionage
France
Industrial Revolution Rentiers
Valois Dynasty (France)
DONALD R. DICKSON
Texas A & M University
Utopia
BARBARA B. DIEFENDORF
Boston University
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
THOMAS DIPIERO
University of Rochester
Sade, Donatien-Alphonse-François de
SIMON DITCHFIELD
University of York, U.K.
Hagiography
WILLIAM DONOVAN
Loyola College
Lisbon
BRENDAN DOOLEY
International University, Bremen
Gianonne, Pietro
Muratori, Ludovico Antonio
Printing and Publishing
SUSAN DORAN
Christ Church College, Oxford University
Church of England
MICHAEL D. DRIEDGER
Brock University
Anabaptism
Hamburg
Pietism
ROBERT S. DUPLESSIS
Swarthmore College
Crisis of the Seventeenth Century
FRANCIS A. DUTRA
University of California, Santa Barbara
Portugal
Portuguese Colonies: Brazil
Portuguese Colonies: Madeira and the Azores
WILLIAM EAMON
New Mexico State University
Secrets, Books of
THERESA EARENFIGHT
Seattle University
Ferdinand of Aragón
GLENN EHRSTINE
University of Iowa
Brant, Sebastian
German Literature and Language
EMLYN EISENACH
Independent Scholar
Concubinage
Divorce
Marriage
MARTIN MALCOLM ELBL
Trent University, Otonabee College
Portuguese Colonies: Africa
J. H. ELLIOTT
Oriel College, Oxford University
Olivares, Gaspar de Guzmány Pimentel, Count of
LEE MATTHEW ESCANDON
Princeton University
Victoria, Tomás Luis de
DOREEN EVENDEN
McMaster University
Motherhood and Childbearing
JAMES R. FARR
Purdue University
Artisans
Guilds
Proto-Industry
Strikes
GAIL FEIGENBAUM
Getty Research Institute
Carracci Family
PALOMA FERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ
University of Barcelona
Cádiz
Charles III (Spain)
ZIRKA ZAREMBA FILIPCZAK
Williams College
Rubens, Peter Paul
Van Dyck, Anthony
NENAD FILIPOVIC
Princeton University
Balkans
Porte
MAX FINCHER
Independent Scholar,
Aylesbury, U.K.
Addison, Joseph
Fielding, Henry
Johnson, Samuel
Richardson, Samuel
Steele, Richard
Swift, Jonathan
PAULA FINDLEN
Stanford University
Academies, Learned
Aldrovandi, Ulisse
Bassi, Laura
Kircher, Athanasius
Pornography
MARY FISCHER
Napier University
Teutonic Knights
MARY E. FISSELL
Johns Hopkins University
Midwives Obstetrics and Gynecology
Sexual Difference, Theories of
KATE FLEET
Newnham College, Cambridge University
Levant
Mehmed II (Ottoman Empire)
Ottoman Dynasty
BENEDETTO FONTANA
Baruch College
Democracy
KRISTINE K. FORNEY
California State University, Long Beach
Gabrieli, Andrea and Giovanni
Lasso, Orlando di
MARC FORSTER
Connecticut College
Febronianism
JULIAN H. FRANKLIN
Columbia University
Bodin, Jean
DAVID FRICK
University of California, Berkeley
Cracow
Gdańsk
Kiev
Kochanowski, Jan
Kołłątaj, Hugo
Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, to 1569
Lithuanian Literatureand Language
Lviv
Mohyla, Peter
Polish Literature and Language
Reformations in Eastern
Europe: Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox
Sarmatism
Smotrytskyi, Meletii
Ukrainian Literature and Language
Vilnius
Warsaw
J. WILLIAM FROST
Swarthmore College (Emeritus)
Quakers
ROBERT I. FROST
King's College London
Northern Wars
THOMAS A. FUDGE
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Hussites
RADEK FUKALA
Silesian University at Opava
Silesia
JOHN G. GAGLIARDO
Boston University
Enlightened Despotism
ALISON GAMES
Georgetown University
Atlantic Ocean
ELENI GARA
University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
Greece
JOHN GARRIGUS
Jacksonville University
French Colonies The Caribbean
HILARY GATTI
University of Rome, La Sapienza
Bruno, Giordano
SUZANNE GEARHART
University of California, Irvine
Prévost d'Exiles, Antoine-François
TOBY GELFAND
University of Ottawa
Surgeons
IAN GENTLES
Glendon College, York University, Toronto
Cromwell, Oliver ,
English Civil War and Interregnum
JANIS M. GIBBS
Hope College
Cologne
GUIDO GIGLIONI
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Anatomy and Physiology
Harvey, William
Malpighi, Marcello
Vesalius, Andreas
EMMA GILBY
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University
Pascal, Blaise
JULIANNE GILLAND
University of California, Berkeley
Ensenada, Cenón Somodevilla, marqués de la
Floridablanca, JoséMoñino, count of
JOHN R. GILLIS
Rutgers University
Islands
JAN GLETE
Stockholm University
Navy
THOMAS F. GLICK
Boston University
Colonialism Magellan,
Ferdinand Scientific Instruments
DANIEL GOFFMAN
Ball State University
Smyrna (İzmir)
ELIZABETH C. GOLDSMITH
Boston University
La Fayette, Marie-Madeleine de
Molière
Scudéry, Madeleine de
Sévigné, Marie de
JAMES L. GOLDSMITH
University of Oklahoma
Economic Crises
Feudalism
JAMES GOODALE
Bucknell University
Augustus II the Strong (Saxony and Poland)
Saxony
BRUCE GORDON
University of St. Andrews, Scotland
Bullinger, Heinrich
Zurich
Zwingli, Huldrych
DAVID M. GORDON
University of Maryland
Africa: Sub-Saharan
MICHAH GOTTLIEB
Brown University
Mendelssohn, Moses
KENNETH GOUWENS
University of Connecticut
Rome
Rome, Sack of
PAOLO GOZZA
University of Bologna
Acoustics
LISA JANE GRAHAM
Haverford College
Lettre de Cachet
MARK GRANQUIST
Gustavus Adolphus College
Swedenborgianism
RICHARD L. GREAVES
Florida State University
Bunyan, John
MOLLY GREENE
Princeton University
Mediterranean Basin
Piracy
MARK GREENGRASS
University of Sheffield
Comenius, Jan Amos
Condé Family
Hartlib, Samuel
Huguenots
TOBIAS GREGORY
University of California, Northridge
Tasso, Torquato
PAUL F. GRENDLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR
University of Toronto (Emeritus)
Advice and Etiquette Books
Benedict XIV (pope)
Censorship
City-State
Cornaro Piscopia, Elena Lucrezia
Education
Machiavelli, Niccolò
Mantua
Parma
Progress
Renaissance
Universities
JACQUES M. GRES-GAYER
Catholic University of America, Washington
Gallicanism
Jansenism Urban VIII (pope)
EVA GRIFFITH
King's College London
Jonson, Ben
Marlowe, Christopher
Shakespeare, William
ULRICH GROETSCH
Rutgers University
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
Wieland, Christoph Martin
Wolff, Christian
EDDY GROOTES
University of Amsterdam (Emeritus)
Dutch Literature and Language
EMILY R. GROSHOLZ
Pennsylvania State University
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
DAVID GRUMMITT
History of Parliament Trust, London
Cecil Family
Henry VII (England)
James I and VI (England and Scotland)
Star Chamber
Stuart Dynasty (England and Scotland)
Tudor Dynasty (England)
ANITA GUERRINI
University of California, Santa Barbara
Zoology
GAY GULLICKSON
University of Maryland
Textile Industry
CHARLES D. GUNNOE, JR.
Aquinas College
Palatinate
BRUCE GUSTAFSON
Franklin and Marshall College
Lully, Jean-Baptiste
DOROTHY METZGER HABEL
University of Tennessee
Rome, Architecture in
ERIK J. HADLEY
University at Buffalo, State University of New York
National Identity
MICHAEL HAKKENBERG
Roanoke University
Dort, Synod of
MARY HOYT HALAVAIS
Sonoma State University
Madrid
MARCIA B. HALL
Temple University
Mannerism
FIONA DEANS HALLORAN
University of California, Los Angeles
Boston
Charleston
New York
Philadelphia
MICHAEL HAMMER
University of California, Los Angeles
Spanish Literature and Language
RACHEL HAMMERSLEY
University of Sussex
Harrington, James
Idealism
GREGORY HANLON
Dalhousie University
Italian Wars (1494–1559)
Italy
Milan
JAMES D. HARDY, JR.
Louisiana State University
Frederick II (Prussia)
Frederick William I (Prussia)
Joseph II (Holy Roman Empire)
DONALD J. HARRELD
Brigham Young University
Dutch Revolt (1568–1648)
JOEL F. HARRINGTON
Vanderbilt University
Childhood and Childrearing Family
Nuremberg
Youth
ALICE K. HARRIS
Georgia State University
Granada
TIM HARRIS
Brown University
Exclusion Crisis
Glorious Revolution (Britain)
James II (England)
Political Parties in England
William and Mary
PETER HARRISON
Bond University, Australia
Design
Enthusiasm
GARY HATFIELD
University of Pennsylvania
Epistemology
JOHN B. HATTENDORF
U.S. Naval War College
Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars
J. MICHAEL HAYDEN
University of Saskatchewan
Estates-General, French: 1614
PATRICK MARSHALL HAYDEN-ROY
Nebraska Wesleyan University
Franck, Sebastian
DAVID L. HAYS
University of Illinois
Gardens and Parks
Picturesque
RANDOLPH C. HEAD
University of California, Riverside
Reformation, Protestant
Switzerland
LEX HEERMA VAN VOSS
International Institute of Social History, Netherlands
Baltic and North Seas
WENDY HELLER
Princeton University
Monteverdi, Claudio
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da
Schütz, Heinrich
Vivaldi, Antonio
MARY HENNINGER-VOSS
Princeton University
Engineering: Civil
Engineering: Military
Technology
JOHN HENRY
University of Edinburgh
Glisson, Francis
Hooke, Robert
Matter, Theories of
Scientific Revolution
WILLIAM L. HINE
York University, Toronto
Mersenne, Marin
KEITH HITCHINS
University of Illinois
Romania
LOTHAR HÖBELT
University of Vienna
Ferdinand III (Holy Roman Empire)
TIMOTHY HOCHSTRASSER
London School of Economics
Thomasius, Christian
PHILIP T. HOFFMAN
California Institute of Technology
Agriculture Spanish Colonies: Other
American Colonies
PAUL M. HOHENBERG
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Cities and Urban Life
THOMAS HOLDEN
Syracuse University
Philosophy
MACK P. HOLT
George Mason University
Burgundy
Wars of Religion, French
R. P. HOME
University of Melbourne
Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de
ROSAMOND HOOPERHAMERSLEY
New Jersey City University
Geoffrin, Marie-Thérèse
Marie Antoinette
Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson
R. A. HOUSTON
University of St. Andrews
Capitalism
Edinburgh
Literacy and Reading
Scotland
JEREMY HOWARD
University of St. Andrews
Central Europe, Art in
WILLIAM V. HUDON
Bloomsburg University
Catholicism Church and State Relations
MARK HULLIUNG
Brandeis University
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien
ALAN HUNT
Carleton University
Sumptuary Laws
JOHN J. HURT
University of Delaware
Law's System Parlements Regency
JANE CAMPBELL HUTCHISON
University of Wisconsin
Cranach Family
Dürer, Albrecht
Holbein, Hans, the Younger
Prints and Popular Imagery: Early Popular Imagery
RONALD HUTTON
Bristol University
Charles II (England)
SARAH HUTTON
Middlesex University
Cambridge Platonists
More, Henry
Oldenburg, Henry
Vaughan, Thomas
MELISSA HYDE
University of Florida
Boucher, François
Rococo
ROB ILIFFE
Imperial College, London
Astronomy
COLIN IMBER
University of Manchester
Islam in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
Suleiman I
CHARLES INGRAO
Purdue University
Austria
Joseph I (Holy Roman Empire)
MALCOLM JACK
Author of Sintra: A Glorious Eden
Mandeville, Bernard
K. DAVID JACKSON
Yale University
Portuguese Literature and Language
FREDRIKA H. JACOBS
Virginia Commonwealth University
Anguissola, Sofonisba
BRUCE B. JANZ
University of Central Florida
Jacob Boehme
MARK JENNER
University of York, U.K.
Sanitation
DE LAMAR JENSEN
Brigham Young University (Emeritus)
Diplomacy
CHRISTOPHER M. S. JOHNS
University of Virginia
Canova, Antonio Mengs, Anton Raphael Neoclassicism
DOROTHY JOHNSON
University of Iowa
David, Jacques-Louis
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste
JAMES JOHNSON
Boston University
Music
Opera
ROBERT JÜTTE
Institute for the History of Medicine, Stuttgart
Banditry
Vagrants and Beggars
ÇIǦDEM KAFESCIOǦLU
Bogazici University, Istanbul
Sinan
Topkapi Palace
FRANK KAFKER
University of Cincinnati (Emeritus)
Holbach, Paul Thiry, baron d'
MICHAEL KAISER
University of Cologne
Tilly, Johann Tserclaes of
THOMAS E. KAISER
University of Arkansas
Property
MARCIN KAMLER
Independent Scholar, Warsaw
Jadwiga (Poland)
Jagiełłon Dynasty (Poland-Lithuania)
Lublin, Union of (1569)
Poland to 1569
Poland-Lithuania, Commonwealth of, 1569–1795
Poniatowski, Stanisław II Augustus
Sigismund II Augustus (Poland, Lithuania)
Stephen Báthory
3 May Constitution
Władysław II Jagiełło (Poland)
SUSAN C. KARANT-NUNN
University of Arizona
Ritual, Religious
JONATHAN KARP
State University of New York, Binghamton
Jews, Attitudes toward
Jews and Judaism
DONALD KELLEY ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Rutgers University
Republic of Letters
Sleidanus, Johannes
JAMES KELLY
Dublin City University
Dublin
EDMUND M. KERN
Lawrence University
Habsburg Territories
SHARON KETTERING
Montgomery College, Maryland (Emerita)
Patronage
TANYA KEVORKIAN
Millersville University
Bach Family
Leipzig
MARIE SEONG-HAK KIM
St. Cloud State University
Law: Lawyers
Poissy, Colloquy of
MARGARET L. KING
Brooklyn College, City University of New York
Venice
JAMES M. KITTELSON
Luther Seminary
Luther, Martin
Lutheranism
HANNES KLEINEKE
History of Parliament Trust, London
Hanoverian Dynasty
(Great Britain)
WIM KLOOSTER
University of Southern Maine
Dutch Colonies: The Americas
Trading Companies
Triangular Trade Pattern
LOUIS KNAFLA
University of Calgary
Ramus, Petrus
Violence
PAUL KNEVEL
University of Amsterdam
Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van
Sea Beggars
William of Orange
ZENON KOHUT
University of Alberta
Hetmanate (Ukraine)
Mazepa, Ivan
ROBERT KOLB
Concordia Seminary
Melanchthon, Philipp
JACK KOLLMANN
Stanford University
Clergy: Russian Orthodox Clergy
Moscow
Orthodoxy, Russian
Russia, Architecture in
Russia, Art in
St. Petersburg
MILTON KOOISTRA
University of Toronto
Ancient World
Latin
CRAIG KOSLOFSKY
University of Illinois
Holy Roman Empire
JOSEPH W. KOTERSKI
Fordham University
More, Thomas
ELMAR KREMER
University of Toronto (Emeritus)
Free Will
MARK KROLL
Boston University
Monteverdi, Claudio
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da
Schütz, Heinrich
Vivaldi, Antonio
ROGER KUIN
York University, Toronto
Sidney, Philip
MICHAEL KWASS
University of Georgia
Equality and Inequality
Taxation
CHRIS R. KYLE
Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.
Parliament
JOHN CHRISTIAN LAURSEN
University of California, Riverside
Skepticism: Academic and Pyrrhonian
T. J. A. LE GOFF
York University, Toronto
Intendants
Louis XV (France)
Louis XVI (France)
NATHALIE LECOMTE
Independent Scholar, Palaiseau, France
Dance
DAVID LEDERER
Institute for European Cultural History, Augsburg
Popular Culture
ELIZABETH LEHFELDT
Cleveland State University
Joanna I, "the Mad" (Spain)
CHRISTOPHER I. LEHRICH
Boston University
Hermeticism Occult Philosophy
HOWARD LEITHEAD
Trinity College, Cambridge University
Cromwell, Thomas
THOMAS M. LENNON
Talbot College, University of Western Ontario
Bayle, Pierre
MICHAEL LEVIN
University of Akron
Gattinara, Mercurino
JOSEPH M. LEVINE
Syracuse University
Ancients and Moderns
MARY L. LEVKOFF
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Clouet, François
Fontainebleau, School of
Pilon, Germain
VICTOR MORALES LEZCANO
Institute for Historical Research–UNED, Madrid
Spanish Colonies: Africa and the Canary Islands
CHARLES LILLEY
Asia
MARY LINDEMANN
Carnegie Mellon University
Public Health
CHARLES LIPP
University at Buffalo, State University of New York
Lorraine, Duchy of
PEGGY K. LISS
Author of Isabel the Queen: Life and Times
Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de
Isabella of Castile
DONALD W. LIVINGSTON
Emory University
Hume, David
MICHAEL LOBBAN
Queen Mary College, University of London
Law: Common Law
PAUL DOUGLAS LOCKHART
Wright State University
Denmark
PAMELA O. LONG
Author of Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance
Communication, Scientific
Nature
Scientific Method
CAROLYN C. LOUGEE
Stanford University
Salons
HOWARD LOUTHAN
University of Florida
Bohemia
THOMAS M. LUCKETT
Portland State University
Interest
MARVIN LUNENFELD
State University of New York, Fredonia
Las Casas, Bartoloméde
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de
WALLACE MACCAFFREY
Cambridge University
Elizabeth I (England)
DIARMAID MACCULLOCH
St. Cross College, Oxford University
Knox, John
Mary I (England)
PETER MACHAMER
University of Pittsburgh
Physics
RUTH MACKAY
Author of The Limits of Royal Authority: Resistance and Obedience in Seventeenth-Century Castile
Catalonia, Revolt of (1640–1652)
Lerma, Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st duke of
Mariana, Juan de
Philip III (Spain)
Philip IV (Spain)
Salamanca, School of
RICHARD MACKENNEY
University of Edinburgh
Industry
KERRY V. MAGRUDER
University of Oklahoma
Earth, Theories of the
Geology
MICHAEL W. MAHER
St. Louis University
Clergy: Roman Catholic Clergy
Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuits
Religious Orders
WALTRAUD MAIERHOFER
University of Iowa
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
GEORGE P. MAJESKA
University of Maryland
Orthodoxy, Greek
ANDREW MAJESKE
University of California, Davis
Hooker, Richard
GREGORY MALDONADO
California State University, Long Beach
Buxtehude, Dieterich
Scarlatti, Domenico and Alessandro
WILLY MALEY
University of Glasgow
Spenser, Edmund
WILLIAM S. MALTBY
University of Missouri, St. Louis (Emeritus)
Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of
Charles V (Holy Roman Empire)
ELIZABETH MANCKE
University of Akron
Utrecht, Peace of (1713)
JUDITH MANN
St. Louis Art Museum
Gentileschi, Artemisia
RICHARD G. MANN
San Francisco State University
El Greco
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban
Velázquez, Diego
Zurbarán, Francisco de
KENNETH H. MARCUS
University of La Verne
Württemberg, duchy of
JOHN A. MARINO
University of California, San Diego
Naples, Kingdom of
Naples, Revolt of (1647)
GARY MARKER
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Anna (Russia)
Catherine II (Russia)
Dashkova, Princess Catherine
Elizabeth (Russia)
Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich
Paul I (Russia)
Peter I (Russia)
Prokopovich, Feofan
Pugachev Revolt (1773–1775)
Russian Literature and Language
GUIDO MARNEF
University of Antwerp
Antwerp
PETER MARSHALL
University of Warwick
Death and Dying
CARLOS MARTÍNEZ-SHAW
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Bourbon Dynasty (Spain)
Farnese, Isabel (Spain)
Ferdinand VI (Spain)
Patiño y Morales, José
Philip V (Spain)
LINDA MARTZ
Independent Scholar, Bethesda, Maryland
Comuneros Revolt (1520–1521)
Conversos
Toledo
ANNE E. C. MCCANTS
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Orphans and Foundlings
Poverty
DIANE KELSEY MCCOLLEY
Rutgers University (Emerita)
Milton, John
ANITA MCCONNELL
Oxford University Press, U.K.
Barometer
WILLIAM MCCUAIG
Independent Scholar, Toronto
Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, marquis of
Guicciardini, Francesco
Republicanism
Sarpi, Paolo (Pietro)
RORY MCENTEGART
American College, Dublin
Henry VIII (England)
JOHN MCERLEAN
York University, Toronto
Corsica
FREDERICK J. MCGINNESS
Mount Holyoke College
Anticlericalism
Nepotism
Paul III (pope)
Paul V (pope)
Pius IV (pope)
Pius V (pope)
Preaching and Sermons
Sixtus V (pope)
ANTONY MCKENNA
Jean-Monnet University
auld Family
ANNE MCLAREN
University of Liverpool
Divine Right Kingship
SUSAN MCMAHON
Independent Scholar, Cochrane, Alberta
Ray, John
DAVID O. MCNEIL
San Jose State University
é, Guillaume
MARK A. MEADOW
University of California, Santa Barbara
Art: The Art Market and Collecting
Bruegel Family
JAMES VAN HORN MELTON
Emory University
Freemasonry
Haydn, Franz Joseph
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
SARA H. MENDELSON
McMaster University
Diaries
MICHAEL P. MEZZATESTA
Duke University
Sculpture
GEORG MICHELS
University of California, Riverside
Avvakum Petrovich
Morozova, Boiarynia
Nikon, patriarch
Old Believers
RICHARD MIDDLETON
Queens University, Belfast
British Colonies: North America
Navigation Acts
H. C. ERIK MIDELFORT ASSOCIATE EDITOR
University of Virginia
Habsburg Dynasty: Austria
Jülich-Cleves-Berg
Madness and Melancholy
Prague, Defenestration of
Suicide
Witchcraft
JENNIFER D. MILAM
University of Sydney
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré
Games and Play
Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth
MARGARET M. MILES
University of California, Irvine
Archaeology
Pompeii and Herculaneum
GORDON L. MILLER
University of Seattle
Browne, Thomas
NICHOLAS J. MILLER
Boise State University
Serbia
PETER N. MILLER
Bard College
Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de
NELSON H. MINNICH
Catholic University of America
Leo X (pope)
Papacy and Papal States
Trent, Council of
VERNON HYDE MINOR
University of Colorado, Boulder
Early Modern Period: Art Historical Interpretations
BONNER MITCHELL
University of Missouri–Columbia
Festivals
Tournament
LYNN WOOD MOLLENAUER
University of North Carolina
Poisons, Affair of the
Versailles
W. GREGORY MONAHAN
Eastern Oregon State College
Camisard Revolt
Lyon
MICHAEL L. MONHEIT
University of South Alabama
Calvin, John
PAUL MONOD
Middlebury College
Monarchy
Political Secularization
Representative Institutions
GEORGE MONTEIRO
Brown University
Camões, Luís Vaz de
WILLIAM MONTER
Northwestern University
Calvinism
Geneva
BRUCE T. MORAN
University of Nevada, Reno
Alchemy
Helmont, Jean Baptiste van
Paracelsus
JENNIFER MORI
University of Toronto
Pitt, William the Elder and William the Younger
Walpole, Horace
JAVIER MORILLO-ALICEA
Macalaster College
Spanish Colonies: The Caribbean
JEAN DIETZ MOSS
Catholic University of America
Rhetoric
JAMES MULDOON
The John Carter Brown Library
Europe and the World
Law: Canon Law
Law: International Law
STAFFAN MÜLLER-WILLE
Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science, Berlin
Linnaeus, Carl
D. E. MUNGELLO
Baylor University
Missions and Missionaries: Asia
JOHN H. MUNRO
University of Toronto
Inflation
Money and Coinage: Western Europe
LUCY MUNRO
King's College London
Beaumont and Fletcher
Behn, Aphra
Donne, John
Drama: English
Dryden, John
English Literature and Language
STEVEN NADLER
University of Wisconsin
Atheism
Cartesianism
Descartes, René
Spinoza, Baruch
SARA TILGHMAN NALLE
William Paterson University
Inquisition
Inquisition, Spanish
CHARLES G. NAUERT
University of Missouri (Emeritus)
Humanists and Humanism
LARRY D. NEAL
University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana
Stock Exchanges
CARY J. NEDERMAN
Texas A&M University
Deism
Liberty
Rights, Natural
Political Philosophy
Toleration
Virtue
PAUL NEEDHAM
Princeton University Library
Caxton, William Gutenberg, Johannes
PAUL NELLES
Carleton University
Dissemination of Knowledge
Libraries
JANICE L. NERI
University of California, Irvine
Camera Obscura
Merian, Maria Sibylla
Scientific Illustration
DANIEL NEXON
Georgetown University
State and Bureaucracy
TOM NICHOLS
King's College, Aberdeen
Giorgione
Tintoretto
Titian
Venice, Art in
Veronese (Paolo Caliari)
KATHRYN NORBERG
University of California, Los Angeles
Prostitution
BYRON J. NORDSTROM
Gustavus Adolphus College
Charles X Gustav (Sweden)
Charles XII (Sweden)
Christina (Sweden)
Gustavus II Adolphus (Sweden)
Oxenstierna, Axel
Sweden
Vasa Dynasty (Sweden)
PAUL NORLÉN
University of Washington
Stockholm
Swedish Literature and Language
WM. ARCTANDER O'BRIEN
University of California, San Diego
Novalis
JENS E. OLESEN
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University
Kalmar, Union of
EDWARD J. OLSZEWSKI
Case Western Reserve University
Art: Artistic Patronage
MARGARET OSLER
University of Calgary
Charleton, Walter
Gassendi, Pierre
SUSANNAH OTTAWAY
Carleton College
Old Age
JAMES R. OTTESON
University of Alabama
Smith, Adam
CHRISTIAN OTTO
Cornell University
Asam Family
Dientzenhofer Family
Fischer von Erlach, Johann
Bernhard Neumann, Balthasar
JAMES R. PALMITESSA
Western Michigan University
Prague
LUC PANHUYSEN
Author of
De Beloofde Stad [The Promised City]
Leyden, Jan van
Witt, Johan and Cornelis de
KATHERINE PARK
Harvard University
Marvels and Wonders
DAVID PARKER
University of Leeds
La Rochelle
KEVIN PARKER
University of North Carolina
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim
DAVID PARROTT
New College, Oxford University
Devolution, War of (1667–1668)
Dutch War (1672–1678)
League of Augsburg, War of the (1688–1697)
Mantuan Succession, War of the (1627–1631)
Military:
Armies: Recruitment, Organization, and Social Composition
Military: Battle Tactics and Campaign Strategy
Military: Early Modern Military Theory
Military: Historiography
Spanish Succession, War of the (1701–1714)
KATHLEEN A. PARROW
Black Hills State University
Law: Roman Law
Resistance, Theory of
JOSEPH F. PATROUCH
Florida International University
Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Empire)
Matthias (Holy Roman Empire)
Maximilian I (Holy Roman Empire)
Maximilian II (Holy Roman Empire)
Vienna
ALINA PAYNE
University of Toronto
Venice, Architecture in
SUE PEABODY
Washington State University
Slavery and the Slave Trade
ELIZABETH A. PERGAM
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Britain, Art in
Gainsborough, Thomas
Reynolds, Joshua
JUAN JAVIER PESCADOR
Michigan State University
Basque Country
CARLA RAHN PHILLIPS ASSOCIATE EDITOR
University of Minnesota
Exploration
ROD PHILLIPS
Carleton University
Food and Drink
WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS, JR.
University of Minnesota
Columbus, Christopher
PETER PIERSON
Santa Clara University (Emeritus)
Armada, Spanish
Estates and Country Houses
Habsburg Dynasty: Spain
Isabel Clara Eugenia and Albert of Habsburg
Juan de Austria, Don
Medina Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th duke of
Netherlands, Southern Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of
Santa Cruz, Álvaro de Bazán, first marquis of
Spain
HEIKKI PIHLAJAMÄKI
University of Helsinki
Torture
JULIE ANNE PLAX
University of Arizona
France, Art in
Watteau, Antoine
SERHII PLOKHY
University of Alberta
Belarus
Ukraine
MARJORIE E. PLUMMER
Western Kentucky University
Augsburg
MARTHA POLLAK
University of Illinois, Chicago
Architecture
ROBERT POOLE
St. Martin's College, U.K.
Calendar
JEREMY POPKIN
University of Kentucky
Journalism, Newspapers, and Newssheets
DAVID M. POSNER
Loyola University, Chicago
French Literature and Language
Montaigne, Michel de
Rabelais, François
Racine, Jean
JEAN-PIERRE POUSSOU
University of Paris, Sorbonne
Mobility, Geographic
Mobility, Social
MAARTEN PRAK
University of Utrecht
Amsterdam
Dutch Republic
Tulips
OM PRAKASH
Delhi School of Economics
British Colonies: India
CYNTHIA PYLE
New York University
Gessner, Conrad
PAULA REA RADISICH
Whittier College
Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon
DAVID RANDALL
Rutgers University
Providence
BENJAMIN RAVID
Brandeis University
Ghetto
KAREN REEDS
Princeton Research Forum
Botany
EILEEN REEVES
Princeton University
Galileo Galilei
GERDA REITH
University of Glasgow
Gambling
Lottery
PIERRE-CLAUDE REYNARD
University of Western Ontario
Environment
Weather and Climate
THOMAS E. RIDENHOUR, JR.
University of Virginia
Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547)
PATRICK RILEY
Harvard University
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
PATRICK RILEY, JR.
Colgate University
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d'
Diderot, Denis
Voltaire
GUENTER B. RISSE
University of California, San Francisco (Emeritus)
Cullen, William
Hospitals
LISSA ROBERTS
University of Twente, Netherlands
Boerhaave, Herman
Chemistry
JAMES ROBERTSON
University of the West Indies, Mona
British Colonies: The Caribbean
THOMAS ROBISHEAUX
Duke University
Peasants' War, German
SHIRLEY A. ROE
University of Connecticut
Haller, Albrecht von
SHELLEY E. ROFF
University of Texas, San Antonio
Barcelona
Catalonia
KARL A. ROIDER
Louisiana State University
Charles VI (Holy Roman Empire)
Francis II (Holy Roman Empire)
Frederick I (Prussia)
Frederick William (Brandenburg)
Frederick William II (Prussia)
Hohenzollern Dynasty
Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empire)
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Empire)
LEONARD N. ROSENBAND
Utah State University
Balloons
Laborers
ANGELA H. ROSENTHAL
Dartmouth College
Hogarth, William
Women and Art
JEAN-LAURENT ROSENTHAL
University of California, Los Angeles
Wages
DANIEL ROWLAND
University of Kentucky
Autocracy
INGRID ROWLAND
American Academy in Rome
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Rome, Art in
GUY ROWLANDS
Newnham College, Cambridge University
Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–1748)
Louis XIV (France)
Louvois, François Le Tellier, marquis de
Seven Years' War (1756–1763)
A. R. ROWLEY
University of York, U.K.
Tobacco
JULIUS R. RUFF
Marquette University
Police
ERIKA RUMMEL
Wilfrid Laurier University, Toronto
Erasmus, Desiderius
ANDREA RUSNOCK
University of Rhode Island
Graunt, John
Petty, William
Statistics
KATHLEEN RUSSO
Florida Atlantic University
Carriera, Rosalba
Kauffmann, Angelica
DAVID RYDEN
University of Houston, Downtown
Sugar
THOMAS MAX SAFLEY
University of Pennsylvania
Bankruptcy
Charity and Poor Relief
Commerce and Markets
Frederick III (Holy Roman Empire)
Fugger Family
Monopoly
Shops and Shopkeeping
J. H. M. SALMON
Bryn Mawr College (Emeritus)
Constitutionalism
Sovereignty, Theory of
Tyranny, Theory of
BRIAN SANDBERG
European University Institute
Firearms
VICTORIA SANGER
Columbia University
France, Architecture in
Mansart, François
RICHARD E. SCHADE
University of Cincinnati
Drama: German
German Literature and Language
STEPHAN K. SCHINDLER
Washington University, St. Louis
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb
J. B. SCHNEEWIND
Johns Hopkins University
Kant, Immanuel
Moral Philosophy and Ethics
ROBERT A. SCHNEIDER
Catholic University of America
Duel
Journals, Literary
Louis XIII (France)
Marie de Médicis
Paris
ZOE A. SCHNEIDER
Georgetown University
Landholding
Law: Courts
Villages
GORDON SCHOCHET
Rutgers University
Hobbes, Thomas
Locke, John
Natural Law
Patriarchy and Paternalism
JOHN F. SCHWALLER
University of Minnesota, Morris
Mexico City
Missions and Missionaries: Spanish America
Spanish Colonies: Mexico
A. TRUMAN SCHWARTZ
Macalester College
Priestley, Joseph
STUART B. SCHWARTZ
Yale University
Restoration, Portuguese War of (1640–1668)
KARL W. SCHWEIZER
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough
Harley, Robert
Hastings, Warren
Jenkins' Ear, War of (1739–1748)
JOHN BELDON SCOTT
University of Iowa
Borromini, Francesco
TOM SCOTT
University of Liverpool
Peasantry
PAUL S. SEAVER
Stanford University (Emeritus)
Puritanism
JOHN SEWELL
Arizona State University
Magic
JOLE SHACKELFORD
University of Minnesota
Brahe, Tycho
Rosicrucianism
BARBARA SHAPIRO
University of California, Berkeley
Sprat, Thomas
Wilkins, John
LESLEY SHARPE
University of Bristol
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
CHRISTINE SHAW
University of Warwick
Julius II (pope)
ANITA SHELTON
Eastern Illinois University
ch Literature and Language
NIKKI SHEPARDSON
Rider College
Bèze, Théodore de
Martyrs and Martyrology
JOHN SHOVLIN
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Physiocrats and Physiocracy
DAVID SIMPSON
University of California, Davis
Romanticism
NANCY SINKOFF
Rutgers University
Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)
CAROLE SLADE
Columbia University
Teresa of Ávila
A. MARK SMITH
University of Missouri
Optics
JEFFREY SMITTEN
Utah State University
Robertson, William
JIM SMYTH
University of Notre Dame
Ireland STEPHEN D. SNOBELEN
University of King's College, Halifax
Newton, Isaac
SUSAN M. SOCOLOW
Emory University
Buenos Aires
PHILIP M. SOERGEL
Arizona State University
Miracles
Munich
Religious Piety
PHILIP L. SOHM
University of Toronto
Art: Art Theory, Criticism, and Historiography
Baroque
GERALD L. SOLIDAY
University of Texas, Dallas
Frankfurt am Main
Hesse, Landgraviate of
JACOB SOLL
Rutgers University
Lipsius, Justus
JULIE ROBIN SOLOMON
American University
Bacon, Francis
Cavendish, Margaret
ELISABETH SOMMER
Author of Serving Two Masters: The Moravian Brethren in Germany and North Carolina 1727–1801
Moravian Brethren
NICHOLAS SPADACCINI
University of Minnesota
Cervantes, Miguel de
JACK SPALDING
Fordham University
Florence, Art in
E. C. SPARY
Independent Scholar, Cambridge, U.K.
Natural History
JOHN P. SPIELMAN
Haverford College
Leopold I (Holy Roman Empire)
JOHN SPURR
University of Wales, Swansea
Baxter, Richard Dissenters, English
GOVIND P. SREENIVASAN
Brandeis University
Census
Inheritance and Wills
Serfdom
GRETCHEN D. STARR-LEBEAU
University of Kentucky
Jews, Expulsion of (Spain; Portugal)
Persecution
MALINA STEFANOVSKA
University of California, Los Angeles
Biography and Autobiography
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy
MATTHEW STEGGLE
Sheffield Hallam University
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley
ALISON STENTON
King's College, London
Boswell, James
Burney, Frances
Defoe, Daniel
Smollett, Tobias
Sterne, Laurence
BARBARA STEPHENSON
Mount Holyoke College
Marguerite de Navarre
JAMIE STEPHENSON
University of Minnesota
Lima
DAVID M. STONE
University of Delaware
Caravaggio and Caravaggism
SIEP STUURMAN
Erasmus University, Rotterdam
Feminism
DONALD SUTHERLAND
University of Maryland
Ancien Régime
Estates-General, French: 1789
Revolutions, Age of
JULIAN SWANN
Birkbeck College, University of London
Provincial Government
FRANK E. SYSYN
University of Alberta
Cossacks
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan
Khmelnytsky Uprising
Uniates
Union of Brest (1596)
FRANZ SZABO
University of Alberta
Josephinism
DANIEL SZECHI
Auburn University
Jacobitism
LYNNE TATLOCK
Washington University, St. Louis
Grimmelshausen, H. J. C. von
KENNETH L. TAYLOR
University of Oklahoma
Earth, Theories of the
Geology
SCOTT TAYLOR
Siena College
Honor
WAYNE TE BRAKE
Purchase College, State University of New York
Patriot Revolution
JOHN TEDESCHI
University of Wisconsin
Inquisition, Roman
NICHOLAS TEMPERLEY
University of Illinois
Handel, George Frideric
Hymns
Purcell, Henry
NICHOLAS TERPSTRA
University of Toronto
Confraternities
JOHN THEIBAULT
Author of German Villages in Crisis: Rural Life in Hesse-Kassel and the Thirty Years' War, 1580–1720
Housing
Hunting
Salzburg Explusion
FREDERICK J. THORPE
Curator Emeritus, Canadian Museum of Civilization
Fur Trade: North America
BARBARA J. TODD
University of Toronto
Widows and Widowhood
JANIS TOMLINSON
National Academy of Sciences
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco de
Spain, Art in
ERNEST TUCKER
U.S. Naval Academy
Austro-Ottoman Wars
Galleys
Holy Leagues
Janissary
Lepanto, Battle of
Passarowitz, Peace of (1718)
Russo-Ottoman Wars
JAMES B. TUELLER
Brigham Young University
Manila
Pacific Ocean
A. J. TURNER
Independent Scholar, Le Mesnil le Roi, France
Time, Measurement of
RICHARD W. UNGER
University of British Columbia
Hansa
Shipbuilding and Navigation
Shipping
MARY VACCARO
University of Texas, Arlington
Correggio
PETER VAN DEN DUNGEN
University of Bradford
Pacifism
THEO VAN DER MEER
Independent Scholar, Amsterdam
Homosexuality
STEVEN VANDEN BROECKE
Johns Hopkins University
Astrology
JOHN VARRIANO
Mount Holyoke College
Palladio, Andrea, and Palladianism
DONALD PHILLIP VERENE
Emory University
Vico, Giovanni Battista
RICK VERNIER
Purdue University, Calumet
Liberalism, Economic
MARKUS P. M. VINK
State University of New York, Fredonia
Dutch Colonies: The East Indies
DIANE WAGGONER
Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
Portrait Miniatures
STEFANIE WALKER
Bard College
Decorative Arts
Jewelry
WILLIAM A. WALLACE
University of Maryland
Scholasticism
WILLIAM E. WALLACE
Washington University, St. Louis
Michelangelo Buonarroti
PETER WALMSLEY
McMaster University
Berkeley, George
PAUL WARDE
Pembroke College, Cambridge University
Enclosure
Forests and Woodlands
HELEN WATANABE-O'KELLY
Exeter College, Oxford University
Dresden
ELISSA B. WEAVER
University of Chicago
Castiglione, Baldassare
WILLIAM WEBER ASSOCIATE EDITOR
California State University, Long Beach
Music Criticism
Songs, Popular
GEORGE G. WEICKHARDT
Ropers, Majeski, Kohn & Bentley
Law: Russian Law
KATHLEEN WELLMAN
Southern Methodist University
La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de
CATHERINE WHISTLER
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista
MERRY WIESNER-HANKS
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Gender
Women
ELIZABETH A. WILLIAMS
Oklahoma State University
Biology
Mesmer, Franz Anton
GLORIA WILLIAMS
Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena
Painting
PETER H. WILSON
University of Sunderland, U.K.
Berlin
Brandenburg
Free and Imperial Cities
Hanover
Münster
Prussia
Strasbourg
JOHN WILTON-ELY
University of Hull (Emeritus)
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista
JAN W. WOJCIK
Auburn University
Boyle, Robert
MICHAEL WOLFE
Pennsylvania State University, Altoona
Henry IV (France)
Nantes, Edict of
ALLEN G. WOOD
Purdue University
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas
Corneille, Pierre
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior von
La Bruyère, Jean de
La Fontaine, Jean de
Laclos, Pierre Ambroise Choderlos de
Perrault, Charles
JOANNA WOODS-MARSDEN
University of California, Los Angeles
Art: The Conception and Status of the Artist
D. R. WOOLF
University of Alberta
Historiography
JOHNSON KENT WRIGHT
Arizona State University
Enlightenment
Public Opinion
W. J. WRIGHT
University of Tennessee
Marburg, Colloquy of
AMANDA WUNDER
University of Wisconsin
Seville
ANDRZEJ WYCZAŃSKI
Polish Academy of Sciences (Emeritus)
Serfdom in East
Central Europe
WANDA WYPORSKA
Hertford College, Oxford University
Poland, Partitions of
Polish Succession, War of the (1733–1738)
JOELLA G. YODER
Author of
Unrolling Time: Christiaan Huygens and the Mathematization of Nature
Huygens Family
CHARLES YRIGOYEN, JR.
General Commission on Archives and History, United Methodist Church
Methodism
Wesley Family
AVIHU ZAKAI
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Refugees, Exiles, and Émigrés
FARIBA ZARINEBAF
Northwestern University
Constantinople
Harem
Odalisque
MADELINE C. ZILFI ASSOCIATE EDITOR
University of Maryland
Shabbetai Tzevi
Tulip Era (Ottoman Empire)
RONALD EDWARD ZUPKO
Marquette University (Emeritus)
Weights and Measures
