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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Photographs and illustrations in Encyclopedia of World Biography have been used with the permission of the following sources:

American Automobile Manufacturers Association: Walter P. Chrysler, Alfred P. Sloan Jr.

American Museum of Natural History: Henry Hudson

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Kathleen Barry: Shirley Caesar.

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Boston Symphony Orchestra: Seiji Ozawa.

Octavia E. Butler: Octavia E. Butler.

Cambridge University Press: Osip Mandelstam.

James Collinson, from a portrait by: Christina Rossetti

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Nancy Crampton: Simon J. Ortiz

EMI Classics: Mstislav Rostropovich

Mary Evans Picture Library: Nikolaas Tinbergen

Fisk University Library: Charlotte Hawkins Brown

FPG International Corp.: Nefertiti

Gale Research: Goh Chok Tong

Mark Gerson Photography: Ted Hughes, Evelyn Waugh

Fay Goodwin's Photo Files: Philip Larkin

The Granger Collection Ltd.: Amos Bad Heart Bull, Pierre Paul Brazza, Etienne Brule, Francis Xavier, Vasco da Gama, Ricarda Huch, Ernest Everett Just, Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Jean-Baptiste Marchand, Claude McKay, Lucretia Coffin Mott, Mutsuhito, Pierre-E(sprit) Radisson, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Tobias George Smollett, Nikola Tesla, C.J. Walker, Maggie L. Walker, Sarah Winnemucca, Zhao Kuang-yin, Vladimir Kosma Zworykin

Hulton Deutsch Collection Limited: Obafemi Awolowo

Hulton-Getty/Tony Stone Images: Jozsef Mindszenty

Institute of Islamic Culture: Muhammad Jalal-ud-Din Rumi

Randall Jarrell, the Estate of: Randall Jarrell

Maulana Karenga: Maulana Karenga

Kenyon College: John Crowe Ransom

The Library of Congress: Hugo Aalto, Ferhat Abbas, Lyman Abbott, Ibrahim Abboud, Iowith Wilber Abel, Ralph Abernathy, Israel Abrahams, Charles Francis Adams, Alfred Adler, Felix Adler, Edgar Douglas Adrian, Aeschylus, Aga Khan, Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, James Agee, Agha Mohammed Khan, Spiro T. Agnew, Shmuel Yoseph Agnon, Conrad Aiken, Alvin Ailey, Lucas Alaman, Alaric, Duke of Alba, Afonso de Albuquerque, Alcibiades, James Lusk Alcorn, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Arturo Alessandri Palma, Alexander of Yugoslavia, Alexander I, Alexander of Tunis, Alexis Romanov, Alexius I, Vittoria Alfieri, Alfonso X, Alfonso XIII, Alfred the Great, Nelson Algren, Saul David Alinsky, Florence Allen, Woody Allen, Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, Washington Allston, Diego De Almagro, Albrecht Altdorfer, John Altgeld, Thomas J.J. Altizer, Luis W. 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The New Republic: Herbert David Croly

The New York Public Library: Nellie Bly

New York Public Library Picture Collection: Averroes, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Handsome Lake, Martin Luther

The Nobel Foundation: Bertha von Suttner

Oklahoma Historical Society: John Ross

Frederick D. Patterson Research Institute: Frederick D. Patterson

PGA Tour: Vijay Singh

Photo Researchers Inc.: William Huggins

Photographers/Aspen Inc.: Elaine Pagels

Pinderhughes Photography Inc.: bell hooks

Pontiac, Michigan, City of: Pontiac.

The Public Archives of Canada: Sandford Fleming

Public Domain: Creighton W. Abrams, Jalal-ud-din Muhammed Akbar, Jane Addams, John Quincy Adams, Joseph Addison, Konrad Adenauer, Albert, Leon Battista Alberti, Louisa May Alcott, Alexander VI, Ethan Allen, Richard Allen, Andre Marie Ampere, Queen Anne, Lodovico Ariosto, Richard Arkwright, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, Jane Austen, Avicenna, Arthur James Balfour, Honore de Balzac, George Bancroft, Benjamin Banneker, Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar, Aubrey Beardsley, Pierre Augustin Caron De Beaumarchais, Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, Thomas Becket, Judah Philip Benjamin, Enoch Arnold Bennett, Jeremy Bentham, Annie Wood Besant, Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, William Blake, Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux, Robert Borden, Ceasare Borgia, William Bradford, Louis Braille, Donato Bramante, Aristide Briand, Emily Bronte, Charles Brockden Brown, Robert Browning, Blanche Kelso Bruce, Pearl S. Buck, Buddha, Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon, John Burgoyne, Robert Burns, George Washington Cable, George Calvert, Canute I the Great, Caracalla, Lewis Carroll, Catherine of Siena, William Caxton, Nicolae Ceausescu, Miguel de Cervantes, Samuel de Champlain, George Chapman, Charles I, Charles V, Charles VII, Charles XII, Samuel Chase, Geoffrey Chaucer, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, Katherine (Kate) Chopin, Marcus Tullius Cicero, 1st Earl of Clarendon, Georges Rogers Clark, Dewitt Clinton, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, William Collins, Samuel Colt, Confucius, Constantine I, James Fenimore Cooper, Aaron Copland, Arcangelo Corelli, Pierr Corneille, Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, Hernan Cortes, Benedetto Croce, David (Davy) Crockett, Oliver Cromwell, Cyrus the Great, Giorgione, Charles Anderson Dana, Georges Jacques Danton, Ruben Dario, Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., Dorothy Day, Stephen Decatur, (Hilaire Germain) Edgar Degas, Deng Xiaoping, John Dewey, Benjamin Disraeli, Arthur Conan Doyle, John Foster Dulles, Alexandre Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas, Edward, The Black Prince, Edward The Confessor, Edward VII, El Cid, John Eliot, Robert Emmet, Friedrich Engels, Desiderius Erasmus, Francois Fenelon, Enrico Fermi, Cyrus Field, Stephen Johnson Field, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Henry Ford, Charles James Fox, George Fox, Jean-Honore Fragonard, Francis Joseph I, Francisco Franco, William Franklin, Frederick II, the Great, Martin Frobisher, Charles Frohman, Thomas Gage, John Galsworthy, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Marcus Garvey, Henry George, Edward Gibbon, William Glackens, Carlo Goldoni, William Crawford Gorgas, Charles Gounod, Henry Woodfin Grady, Dick Gregory, Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Francois Pierre Guizot, Sarah Josepha Hale, Frans Hals, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, John Marshall Harlan, Hatshepsut, Nathaniel Hawthorne, J(oseph) E. Casely Hayford, Edward (Richard George) Heath, Sven Hedin, Heinrich Heine, Jan Van Helmont, Henry V, Josiah Henson, Johann Gottfried Von Herder, Robert Herrick, Morris Hillquit, Hirohito, Ho Chi Minh, Oveta Culp Hobby, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, William Hogarth, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Oliver Otis Howard, Charles Evans Hughes, Victor Hugo, Cordell Hull, Collis Potter Huntington, Thomas Henry Huxley, Joris Karl Huysmans, Ivan III, T(homas) J(onathan) "Stonewall" Jackson, Henry James, William James, Jesse James, Joseph Jefferson, Jesus of Nazareth, Sarah Jewett, Lyndon B. Johnson, Benito Juarez, Gottfried Keller, William Kelly, Robert Kennedy, Ayatollah Khomeini, Soren Kierkegaard, Ernest Joseph King, Rudyard Kipling, Louis Kossuth, Jean De La Fontaine, Comtesse de LaFayette, Jules Laforgue, Bert Lahr, Alphonse Marie de Lamartine, Walter Savage Landor, Henry Laurens, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, David Herbert Lawrence, James Lawrence, Richard Henry Lee, Tsung Dao Lee, Fernand Leger, Valdimir (Ilich Ulyanv) Lenin, Leopold II, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Louis XIV, Nat Love, Patrice Lumumba, Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Macbeth, John Alexander MacDonald, Niccolo Machiavelli, Ferdinand Magellan, Gustav Mahler, Maimonides, Mao Tse-tung, Jean Paul Marat, Edwin Markham, George Marshall, John Marshall, Henri Rene Albert Guy de Maupassant, Maximilian I, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Charles Horace Mayo, Benjamin E. Mays, Thomas Joseph Mboya, Joseph McCarthy, John Bach McMaster, George Gordon Meade, Lorenzo de Medici, Gerhardus Mercator, Klemens von Metternich, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Jules Michelet, Nelson Appleton Miles, Comte De Montalembert, Marquis de Montcalm De Saint-Veran, Bernard Law Montgomery, Susanna Strickland Moodie, Napoleon I, Napoleon III, Nebuchadnezzar, Florence Nightingale, Chester W. Nimitz, Kwame Nkrumah, Daniel O'Connell, Flannery O'Connor, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Osman I, James Otis, Otto I, Ovid, 3d Viscount Palmerston, Robert Newton Peck, Pedro II, William Penn, Henri Philippe Petain, Peter I, Zebulon M. Pike, Charles C. Pinckney, William Pitt the Elder, Pius XII, Francisco Pizarro, Pocahontas, Edgar Allan Poe, Georges Pompidou, Giacomo Puccini, Casimir Pulaski, Manuel Luis Quezon, Horacio Quiroga, Walter Raleigh, Sri Ramakrishna, Ramses II, Knud Rasmussen, Maurice Ravel, Sam (uel Taliaferro) Rayburn, Ernest Renan, Hiram R. Revels, Joshua Reynolds, Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, Jacob August Riis, James Whitcomb Riley, David Rittenhouse, Robert I, Frederick Sleigh Roberts, Franklin D(elano) Roosevelt, Elihu Root, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Benjamin Rush, Saladin, John Singer Sargent, (Johann Christoph) Friedrich von Schiller, William Tecumseh Sherman, Taishi Shotoku, Bedrich Smetana, Bessie Smith, Anastasio Somoza, Jared Sparks, Edmund Spenser, Baruch Spinoza, Joseph Stalin, Edwin M. Stanton, (Joseph) Lincoln Steffens, Potter Stewart, Suharto, Louis Henri Sullivan, Sun Yat-sen, (Edmund) John Millington Synge, Roger Brooke Taney, Louis Adolphe Thiers, Thomas Aquinas, Norman Thomas, Paul Tillich, Marshal Tito, Tokugawa Ieyasu, François Tous-saint L'Ouverture, Trajan, Leon Trotsky, Sojourner Truth, Henry McNeal Turner, Anthony Van Dyck, Jules Verne, Pancho Villa, Alessandro Volta, Voltaire, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Virginia Woolf, William Wordsworth, Xerxes, Emiliano Zapata

Faith Ringgold: Faith Ringgold

The Saturday Evening Post: Orson Welles

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture: Susie King Taylor

State Historical Society of Wisconsin: Robert M. La Follette, Sr.

Stock Montage: Vilfredo Pareto

The Supreme Court Historical Society Collection: David H. Souter.

Sandra S. Swans: Toni Cade Bambara

Anne Tyler: Anne Tyler

Marty Umans: Ming Cho Lee

United Nations: Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, Alexei Kosygin, Ramon Magsaysay, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Dean Rusk, Kurt Waldheim

U.S. Army: Philip Sheridan

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Neil A. Armstrong, Alexander Graham Bell, Guion S. Bluford, John Glenn, Ellen Ochoa, Sally Ride

Thomas Victor: Susan Eloise Hinton

True Yasui: Minoru Yazui