Table of Contents

VOLUME 1:

PREFACE … v

GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE … vii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS … viii

A

Acid Rain … 1

Agricultural Ecosystems … 3

Agriculture, History of … 5

Agriculture, Modern … 10

Agriculture, Organic … 12

Agronomist … 16

Alcoholic Beverage Industry … 18

Alcoholic Beverages … 22

Algae … 26

Alkaloids … 32

Allelopathy … 35

Alliaceae … 35

Anatomy of Plants … 36

Angiosperms … 43

Anthocyanins … 48

Aquatic Ecosystems … 49

Aquatic Plants … 52

Arborist … 54

Archaea … 56

Asteraceae … 57

Atmosphere and Plants … 59

B

Bamboo … 62

Bark … 64

Bessey, Charles … 65

Biodiversity … 66

Biogeochemical Cycles … 73

Biogeography … 75

Biomass Fuels … 79

Biome … 80

Bioremediation … 84

Bonsai … 86

Borlaug, Norman E. … 88

Botanical and Scientific Illustrator … 89

Botanical Gardens and Arboreta … 91

Botany … 93

Breeder … 93

Breeding … 95

Breeding Systems … 99

Britton, Nathaniel … 102

Brongniart, Adolphe … 103

Bryophytes … 104

Burbank, Luther … 109

C

Cacao … 111

Cacti … 113

Calvin, Melvin … 116

Candolle, Augustin de … 117

Cannabis … 119

Carbohydrates … 120

Carbon Cycle … 122

Carnivorous Plants … 126

Carotenoids … 129

Carver, George Washington … 131

Cell Cycle … 132

Cells … 135

Cells, Specialized Types … 140

Cellulose … 144

Cell Walls … 145

Chaparral … 147

Chestnut Blight … 151

Chlorophyll … 151

Chloroplasts … 153

Chromosomes … 157

Clements, Frederic … 160

Clines and Ecotypes … 161

VOLUME 2:

Coastal Ecosystems … 1

Coca … 4

Coevolution … 6

Coffee … 10

College Professor … 14

Compost … 15

Coniferous Forests … 17

Conifers … 21

Cordus, Valerius … 24

Cork … 25

Corn … 28

Cotton … 31

Creighton, Harriet … 33

Cultivar … 34

Curator of a Botanical Garden … 35

Curator of an Herbarium … 36

Cyanobacteria … 38

D

Darwin, Charles … 40

Deciduous Forests … 46

Deciduous Plants … 51

Decomposers … 53

Defenses, Chemical … 54

Defenses, Physical … 60

Deforestation … 63

Dendrochronology … 65

de Saussure, Nicolas-Théodore … 68

Desertification … 70

Deserts … 73

Dicots … 78

Differentiation and Development … 80

Dioscorea … 83

Dutch Elm Disease … 83

E

Ecology … 84

Ecology, Energy Flow … 90

Ecology, Fire … 92

Ecology, History of … 96

Economic Importance of Plants … 99

Ecosystems … 102

Embryogenesis … 104

Endangered Species … 106

Endosymbiosis … 111

Epiphytes … 113

Ethnobotany … 115

Eubacteria … 119

Evolution of Plants … 121

Evolution of Plants, History of … 127

F

Fabaceae … 130

Family … 132

Ferns … 133

Fertilizer … 135

Fiber and Fiber Products … 137

Flavonoids … 140

Flavor and Fragrance Chemist … 141

Flora … 142

Flowers … 144

Food Scientist … 149

Forensic Botany … 150

Forester … 152

Forestry … 153

Fruits … 156

Fruits, Seedless … 160

Fungi … 162

G

Gametophyte … 165

Genetic Engineer … 166

Genetic Engineering … 168

Genetic Mechanisms and Development. 173

Germination … 174

Germination and Growth … 176

Ginkgo … 179

Global Warming … 181

Grains … 184

Grasses … 185

Grasslands … 189

Gray, Asa … 194

Green Revolution … 196

Gymnosperms … 197

VOLUME 3:

H

Hales, Stephen … 1

Halophytes … 2

Herbals and Herbalists … 3

Herbaria … 5

Herbicides … 9

Herbs and Spices … 11

Hooker, Joseph Dalton … 12

Hormonal Control and Development … 13

Hormones … 17

Horticulture … 21

Horticulturist … 23

Human Impacts … 25

Humboldt, Alexander von … 30

Hybrids and Hybridization … 32

Hydroponics … 35

I

Identification of Plants … 36

Inflorescence … 37

Ingenhousz, Jan … 39

Interactions, Plant-Fungal … 40

Interactions, Plant-Insect … 41

Interactions, Plant-Plant … 43

Interactions, Plant-Vertebrate … 45

Invasive Species … 47

K

Kudzu … 50

L

Landscape Architect … 52

Leaves … 53

Lichens … 58

Linnaeus, Carolus … 61

Lipids … 65

M

McClintock, Barbara … 66

Medicinal Plants … 69

Mendel, Gregor … 73

Meristems … 76

Molecular Plant Genetics … 80

Monocots … 86

Mycorrhizae … 88

N

Native Food Crops … 91

Nitrogen Fixation … 91

Nutrients … 95

O

Odum, Eugene … 99

Oils, Plant-Derived … 100

Opium Poppy … 102

Orchidaceae … 103

Ornamental Plants … 105

P

Palms … 106

Palynology … 107

Paper … 109

Parasitic Plants … 110

Pathogens … 113

Pathologist … 120

Peat Bogs … 121

Pharmaceutical Scientist … 123

Photoperiodism … 125

Photosynthesis, Carbon Fixation and … 128

Photosynthesis, Light Reactions and … 133

Phyllotaxis … 140

Phylogeny … 143

Physiologist … 146

Physiology … 148

Physiology, History of … 153

Phytochrome … 155

Pigments … 156

Plant Community Processes … 157

Plant Prospecting … 164

Plants … 165

Plastids … 166

Poison Ivy … 169

Poisonous Plants … 170

Pollination Biology … 175

Polyploidy … 180

Potato … 184

Potato Blight … 185

Propagation … 186

Psychoactive Plants … 192

Q

Quantitative Trait Loci … 195

VOLUME 4:

R

Rain Forest Canopy … 1

Rain Forests … 4

Record-Holding Plants … 13

Reproduction, Alternation of Generations and … 16

Reproduction, Asexual … 18

Reproduction, Fertilization and … 20

Reproduction, Sexual … 21

Rhythms in Plant Life … 24

Rice … 26

Roots … 29

Rosaceae … 35

S

Sachs, Julius von … 36

Savanna … 38

Seed Dispersal … 41

Seedless Vascular Plants … 45

Seed Preservation … 48

Seeds … 50

Senescence … 56

Sequoia … 57

Shape and Form of Plants … 58

Soil, Chemistry of … 62

Soil, Physical Characteristics of … 65

Solanaceae … 68

Soybean … 69

Speciation … 71

Species … 75

Sporophyte … 76

Stems … 78

Succulents … 80

Sugar … 81

Symbiosis … 84

Systematics, Molecular … 87

Systematics, Plant … 90

T

Taxonomic Keys … 96

Taxonomist … 96

Taxonomy … 98

Taxonomy, History of … 103

Tea … 105

Terpenes … 108

Tissue Culture … 109

Tissues … 110

Tobacco … 115

Torrey, John … 116

Transgenic Plants … 117

Translocation … 118

Tree Architecture … 123

Trees … 126

Trichomes … 129

Tropisms and Nastic Movements … 130

Tundra … 138

Turf Management … 140

V

Vacuoles … 142

van Helmont, Jan … 143

van Niel, C. B. … 145

Variety … 146

Vascular Tissues … 146

Vavilov, N. I. … 152

Vegetables … 155

W

Warming, Johannes … 156

Water Movement … 158

Weeds … 165

Wetlands … 166

Wheat … 169

Wood Anatomy … 171

Wood Products … 174

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 203

GLOSSARY … 205

TOPIC OUTLINE … 221

INDEX … 231