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For Your Reference
The following section provides information that is applicable to a number of articles in this reference work. Included in the following pages is a chart providing comparative solar system planet data, as well as measurement, abbreviation, and conversion tables.
| SOLAR SYSTEM PLANET DATA |
|
Mercury |
Venus2 |
Earth |
Mars |
Jupiter |
Saturn |
Uranus |
Neptune |
Pluto |
| Mean distance from the Sun (AU):1 |
0.387 |
0.723 |
1 |
1.524 |
5.202 |
9.555 |
19.218 |
30.109 |
39.439 |
| Siderial period of orbit (years): |
0.24 |
0.62 |
1 |
1.88 |
11.86 |
29.46 |
84.01 |
164.79 |
247.68 |
| Mean orbital velocity (km/sec): |
47.89 |
35.04 |
29.79 |
24.14 |
13.06 |
9.64 |
6.81 |
5.43 |
4.74 |
| Orbital essentricity: |
0.206 |
0.007 |
0.017 |
0.093 |
0.048 |
0.056 |
0.047 |
0.009 |
0.246 |
| Inclination to ecliptic (degrees): |
7.00 |
3.40 |
0 |
1.85 |
1.30 |
2.49 |
0.77 |
1.77 |
17.17 |
| Equatorial radius (km): |
2439 |
6052 |
6378 |
3397 |
71492 |
60268 |
25559 |
24764 |
1140 |
| Polar radius (km): |
same |
same |
6357 |
3380 |
66854 |
54360 |
24973 |
24340 |
same |
| Mass of planet (Earth = 1):3 |
0.06 |
0.82 |
1 |
0.11 |
317.89 |
95.18 |
14.54 |
17.15 |
0.002 |
| Mean density (gm/cm3): |
5.44 |
5.25 |
5.52 |
3.94 |
1.33 |
0.69 |
1.27 |
1.64 |
2.0 |
| Body rotation period (hours): |
1408 |
5832.R |
23.93 |
24.62 |
9.92 |
10.66 |
17.24 |
16.11 |
153.3 |
| Tilt of equator to orbit (degrees): |
0 |
2.12 |
23.45 |
23.98 |
3.08 |
26.73 |
97.92 |
28.8 |
96 |
| 1AU indicates one astronomical unit, defined as the mean distance between Earth and the Sun (~1.495 x 108km). |
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| 2R indicates planet rotation is retrograde (i.e., opposite to the planet's orbit). |
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| 3Earth's mass is approximately 5.976 x 1026grams. |
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| SI BASE AND SUPPLEMENTARY UNIT NAMES AND SYMBOLS |
| Physical Quality |
Name |
Symbol |
| Length |
meter |
m |
| Mass |
kilogram |
kg |
| Time |
second |
s |
| Electric current |
ampere |
A |
| Thermodynamic temperature |
kelvin |
K |
| Amount of substance |
mole |
mol |
| Luminous intensity |
candela |
cd |
| Plane angle |
radian |
rad |
| Solid angle |
steradian |
sr |
Temperature
Scientists commonly use the Celsius system. Although not recommended for scientific and technical use, earth scientists also use the familiar Fahrenheit temperature scale (°F). 1°F = 1.8°C or K. The triple point of H20, where gas, liquid, and solid water coexist, is 32°F.
- To change from Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C): °C = (°F-32)/(1.8)
- To change from Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F): °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32
- To change from Celsius (C) to Kelvin (K): K = °C + 273.15
- To change from Fahrenheit (F) to Kelvin (K): K = (°F-32)/(1.8) + 273.15
| UNITS DERIVED FROM SI, WITH SPECIAL NAMES AND SYMBOLS |
| Derived Quantity |
Name of SI Unit |
Symbol for SI Unit |
Expression in Terms of SI Base Units |
| Frequency |
hertz |
Hz |
s-1 |
| Force |
newton |
N |
m kg s-2 |
| Pressure, stress |
Pascal |
Pa |
N m-2 =m-1 kg s-2 |
| Energy, work, heat |
Joule |
J |
N m =m2 kg s-2 |
| Power, radiant flux |
watt |
W |
J s-1 =m2 kg s-3 |
| Electric charge |
coulomb |
C |
A s |
| Electric potential, electromotive force |
volt |
V |
J C-1 =m-2 kg s-3 A-1 |
| Electric resistance |
ohm |
_ |
V A-1 =m2 kg s-3 A-2 |
| Celsius temperature |
degree Celsius |
C |
K |
| Luminous flux |
lumen |
lm |
cd sr |
| Illuminance |
lux |
lx |
cd sr m-2 |
| UNITS USED WITH SI, WITH NAME, SYMBOL, AND VALUES IN SI UNITS |
| The following units, not part of the SI, will continue to be used in appropriate contexts (e.g., angtsrom): |
| Physical Quantity |
Name of Unit |
Symbol for Unit |
Value in SI Units |
| Time |
minute |
min |
60 s |
|
hour |
h |
3,600 s |
|
day |
d |
86,400 s |
| Plane angle |
degree |
° |
(π/180) rad |
|
minute |
' |
(π/10,800) rad |
|
second |
" |
(π/648,000) rad |
| Length |
angstrom |
Å |
10-10 m |
| Volume |
liter |
I, L |
1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 |
| Mass |
ton |
t |
1 mg = 103 kg |
|
unified atomic mass unit |
u (=ma(12C)/12) |
≈1.66054 x 10-27 kg |
| Pressure |
bar |
bar |
105 Pa = 105 N m-2 |
| Energy |
electronvolt |
eV (= ε X V) |
≈ 1.60218 x 10-19 J |
| CONVERSIONS FOR STANDARD, DERIVED, AND CUSTOMARY MEASUREMENTS |
| Length |
|
Area |
|
| 1 angstrom (Å) |
0.1 nanometer (exactly) |
1 acre |
43,560 square feet |
|
0.000000004 inch |
|
(exactly) |
| 1 centimeter (cm) |
0.3937 inches |
|
0.405 hectare |
| 1 foot (ft) |
0.3048 meter (exactly) |
1 hectare |
2.471 acres |
| 1 inch (in) |
2.54 centimeters (exactly) |
1 square centimeter (cm2) |
0.155 square inch |
| 1 kilometer (km) |
0.621 mile |
1 square foot (ft2) |
929.030 square centimeters |
| 1 meter (m) |
39.37 inches |
|
1.094 yards |
1 square inch (in2) |
6.4516 square centimeters (exactly) |
| 1 mile (mi) |
5,280 feet (exactly) |
|
1.609 kilometers |
1 square kilometer (km2) |
247.104 acres |
| 1 astronomical unit (AU) |
1.495979 x 1013 cm |
|
0.386 square mile |
|
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1 square meter (m2) |
1.196 square yards |
| 1 parsec (pc) |
206,264.806 AU |
|
0.764 square feet |
|
3.085678 x 1018cm |
1 square mile (mi2) |
258.999 hectares |
|
3.261633 light-years |
| 1 light-year |
9.460530 x 1017 cm |
| MEASUREMENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS |
| Volume |
|
Units of mass |
| 1 barrel (bbl)*, liquid |
31 to 42 gallons |
1 carat (ct) |
200 milligrams (exactly) |
| 1 cubic centimeter (cm3) |
0.061 cubic inch |
|
3.086 grains |
| 1 cubic foot (ft3) |
7.481 gallons |
1 grain |
64.79891 milligrams (exactly) |
|
28.316 cubic decimeters |
| 1 cubic inch (in3) |
0.554 fluid ounce |
1 gram (g) |
15.432 grains |
|
|
|
0.035 ounce |
| 1 dram, fluid (or liquid) |
1/8 fluid ounce (exactly) |
|
|
|
0.226 cubic inch |
1 kilogram (kg) |
2.205 pounds |
|
3.697 milliliters |
1 microgram (μg) |
0.000001 gram (exactly) |
| 1 gallon (gal) (U.S.) |
231 cubic inches (exactly) |
1 milligram (mg) |
0.015 grain |
|
3.785 liters |
1 ounce (oz) |
437.5 grains (exactly) |
|
128 U.S. fluid ounces |
|
28.350 grams |
|
(exactly) |
1 pound (lb) |
7,000 grains (exactly) |
| 1 gallon (gal) |
277.42 cubic inches |
|
453.59237 grams |
| (British Imperial) |
1.201 U.S. gallons |
|
(exactly) |
|
4.546 liters |
1 ton, gross or long |
2,240 pounds (exactly) |
|
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|
1.12 net tons (exactly) |
| 1 liter |
1 cubic decimeter (exactly) |
|
1.016 metric tons |
|
1.057 liquid quarts |
1 ton, metric (t) |
2,204.623 pounds |
|
0.908 dry quart |
|
0.984 gross ton |
|
61.025 cubic inches |
|
1.102 net tons |
| 1 ounce, fluid (or liquid) |
1.805 cubic inches |
1 ton, net or short |
2,000 pounds (exactly) |
|
29.573 mililiters |
|
0.893 gross ton |
| 1 ounce, fluid (fl oz) |
0.961 U.S. fluid ounce |
|
0.907 metric ton |
| (British) |
1.734 cubic inches |
|
28.412 milliliters |
Pressure |
| 1 quart (qt), dry (U.S.) |
67.201 cubic inches |
1 kilogram/square |
0.96784 atmosphere |
|
1.101 liters |
centimeter (kg/cm2) |
(atm) |
| 1 quart (qt), liquid (U.S.) |
57.75 cubic inches |
|
14.2233 pounds/square inch (lb/in2) |
|
(exactly) |
|
0.98067 bar |
|
0.946 liter |
|
|
1 bar |
0.98692 atmosphere |
|
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|
(atm) |
|
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|
1.02 kilograms/square |
|
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centimeter (kg/cm2) |
| * There are a variety of "barrels" established by law or usage. For example, U.S. federal taxes on fermented liquors are based on a barrel of 31 gallons (141 liters); many state laws fix the "barrel for liquids" as 311/2 gallons (119.2 liters); one state fixes a 36-gallon (160.5 liters) barrel for cistern measurment; federal law recognizes a 40-gallon (178 liters) barrel for "proof spirts"; by custom, 42 gallons (159 liters) comprise a barrel of crude oil or petroleum products for statistical purposes, and this equivalent is recognized "for liquids" by four states. |
For Your Reference
Copyright © 2002 by Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of the Gale Group
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