Table of Contents

A

Accessing Space … 1

Advertising … 4

Aerospace Corporations … 6

Aging Studies … 12

AIDS Research … 14

Aldrin, Buzz … 16

Artwork … 17

Augustine, Norman … 19

B

Barriers to Space Commerce … 20

Burial … 24

Business Failures … 25

Business Parks … 27

C

Cancer Research … 31

Career Astronauts … 33

Careers in Business and Program Management … 37

Careers in Rocketry … 40

Careers in Space Law … 44

Careers in Space Medicine … 45

Careers in Writing, Photography, and Filmmaking … 48

Clarke, Arthur C … 52

Commercialization … 53

Communications Satellite Industry … 57

Crippen, Robert … 63

D

Data Purchase … 64

E

Education … 66

Energy from Space … 70

Entertainment … 72

F

Financial Markets, Impacts on … 76

G

Getting to Space Cheaply … 77

Global Industry … 81

Global Positioning System … 85

Goddard, Robert Hutchings … 89

Ground Infrastructure … 91

H

Human Spaceflight Program … 94

I

Insurance … 97

International Space Station … 100

International Space University … 105

L

Launch Industry … 107

Launch Services … 113

Launch Vehicles, Expendable … 116

Launch Vehicles, Reusable … 120

Law of Space … 125

Legislative Environment … 128

Licensing … 131

Literature … 132

Lucas, George … 134

Lunar Development … 135

M

Made in Space … 138

Made with Space Technology … 142

Market Share … 145

Marketplace … 147

McCall, Robert … 149

Military Customers … 150

Mueller, George … 153

N

Navigation from Space … 154

O

Oberth, Hermann … 156

P

Payloads and Payload Processing … 156

Planetary Exploration … 161

R

Reconnaissance … 164

Regulation … 166

Remote Sensing Systems … 168

Rocket Engines … 177

Roddenberry, Gene … 180

S

Satellite Industry … 181

Satellites, Types of … 188

Search and Rescue … 191

Servicing and Repair … 193

Small Satellite Technology … 194

Space Shuttle, Private Operations … 197

Spaceports … 202

Sputnik … 205

T

Thompson, David … 207

Tourism … 207

Toys … 210

V

Verne, Jules … 212

X

X PRIZE … 214

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 217

GLOSSARY … 219

INDEX … 243

VOLUME 2: PLANETARY SCIENCE AND ASTRONOMY

PREFACE … v

FOR YOUR REFERENCE … ix

TIMELINE: MILESTONES IN SPACE HISTORY … xiii

TIMELINE: HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE … xxiii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS … xxix

A

Age of the Universe … 1

Asteroids … 3

Astronomer … 7

Astronomy, History of … 9

Astronomy, Kinds of … 10

B

Black Holes … 15

C

Careers in Astronomy … 16

Careers in Space Science … 20

Cassini, Giovanni Domenico … 23

Close Encounters … 23

Comets … 27

Copernicus, Nicholas … 30

Cosmic Rays … 30

Cosmology … 32

E

Earth … 35

Einstein, Albert … 39

Exploration Programs … 40

Extrasolar Planets … 47

G

Galaxies … 50

Galilei, Galileo … 56

Government Space Programs … 57

Gravity … 63

H

Herschel Family … 66

Hubble Constant … 66

Hubble, Edwin P … 67

Hubble Space Telescope … 68

Huygens, Christiaan … 75

J

Jupiter … 76

K

Kepler, Johannes … 81

Kuiper Belt … 81

Kuiper, Gerard Peter … 83

L

Life in the Universe, Search for … 84

Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) … 90

M

Mars … 92

Mercury … 98

Meteorites … 103

Microgravity … 107

Military Exploration … 108

Moon … 109

N

Neptune … 115

Newton, Isaac … 119

O

Observatories, Ground … 119

Observatories, Space-Based … 126

Oort Cloud … 132

Orbits … 134

P

Planet X … 137

Planetariums and Science Centers … 138

Planetary Exploration, Future of … 142

Planetesimals … 146

Pluto … 147

Pulsars … 151

R

Robotic Exploration of Space … 154

Robotics Technology … 160

S

Sagan, Carl … 163

Saturn … 164

Sensors … 168

SETI … 170

Shapley, Harlow … 173

Shoemaker, Eugene … 173

Small Bodies … 174

Solar Particle Radiation … 177

Solar Wind … 180

Space Debris … 182

Space Environment, Nature of the … 183

Spacecraft Buses … 188

Spaceflight, History of … 190

Spacelab … 194

Stars … 198

Sun … 201

Supernova … 205

T

Tombaugh, Clyde … 207

Trajectories … 209

U

Uranus … 210

V

Venus … 214

W

Weather, Space … 218

What is Space? … 220

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 223

GLOSSARY … 225

INDEX … 249

VOLUME 3: HUMANS IN SPACE

PREFACE … v

FOR YOUR REFERENCE … ix

TIMELINE: MILESTONES IN SPACE HISTORY … xiii

TIMELINE: HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE … xxiii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS … xxix

A

Animals … 1

Apollo … 3

Apollo I Crew … 9

Apollo Lunar Landing Sites … 11

Apollo-Soyuz … 15

Armstrong, Neil … 18

Astronauts, Types of … 19

B

Bell, Larry … 21

Biosphere … 21

C

Capcom … 24

Capsules … 25

Careers in Spaceflight … 27

Challenger … 32

Challenger 7 … 34

Civilians in Space … 37

Closed Ecosystems … 38

Collins, Eileen … 41

Communications for Human Spaceflight 42

Computers, Use of … 44

Cosmonauts … 47

Crystal Growth … 48

E

Emergencies … 50

Environmental Controls … 52

Escape Plans … 54

External Tank … 56

F

Faget, Max … 58

Flight Control … 58

Food … 60

G

G Forces … 63

Gagarin, Yuri … 64

Gemini … 65

Getaway Specials … 68

Glenn, John … 70

Guidance and Control Systems … 71

Gyroscopes … 72

H

Habitats … 74

Heat Shields … 77

History of Humans in Space … 79

Human Factors … 84

Human Missions to Mars … 87

Humans versus Robots … 89

Hypersonic Programs … 93

I

Inertial Measurement Units … 96

International Cooperation … 96

International Space Station … 100

K

KC-135 Training Aircraft … 105

Kennedy, John F … 108

Korolev, Sergei … 109

L

Launch Management … 110

Launch Sites … 112

Leonov, Alexei … 115

Life Support … 116

Living in Space … 119

Long-Duration Spaceflight … 122

Lunar Rovers … 125

M

Manned Maneuvering Unit … 127

Medicine … 129

Mercury Program … 132

Mir … 135

Mission Control … 138

Mission Specialists … 139

Modules … 141

N

NASA … 143

Navigation … 147

O

Oxygen Atmosphere in Spacecraft … 149

P

Payload Specialists … 151

Payloads … 152

Primates, Non-Human … 155

R

Reaction Control Systems … 156

Re-entry Vehicles … 157

Rendezvous … 159

Ride, Sally … 161

Rockets … 162

S

Sänger, Eugene … 166

Sanitary Facilities … 166

Schmitt, Harrison … 169

Shepard, Alan … 170

Simulation … 171

Skylab … 174

Solid Rocket Boosters … 177

Space Centers … 180

Space Shuttle … 183

Space Stations, History of … 187

Space Suits … 191

Space Walks … 195

Stapp, John … 199

Sullivan, Kathryn … 200

T

T-38 Trainers … 201

Teacher in Space Program … 202

Tereshkova, Valentina … 205

Tools, Apollo Lunar Exploration … 206

Tools, Types of … 208

Tracking of Spacecraft … 210

Tracking Stations … 213

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin … 216

V

Vehicle Assembly Building … 216

von Braun, Wernher … 218

Voshkod … 219

Vostok … 221

W

White Room … 222

Why Human Exploration? … 224

Women in Space … 227

Y

Young, John … 233

Z

Zero Gravity … 234

Zond … 235

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 239

GLOSSARY … 241

INDEX … 265

VOLUME 4: OUR FUTURE IN SPACE

PREFACE … v

FOR YOUR REFERENCE … ix

TIMELINE: MILESTONES IN SPACE HISTORY … xiii

TIMELINE: HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE … xxiii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS … xxix

A

Antimatter Propulsion … 1

Asteroid Mining … 3

Astrobiology … 6

B

Biotechnology … 13

Bonestell, Chesley … 16

C

Careers in Space … 18

Chang-Díaz, Franklin … 22

Comet Capture … 22

Communications, Future Needs in … 24

Communities in Space … 27

Cycling Spacecraft … 29

D

Domed Cities … 30

Dyson, Freeman John … 32

Dyson Spheres … 33

E

Earth—Why Leave? … 34

Ehricke, Kraft … 38

Environmental Changes … 39

F

Faster-Than-Light Travel … 42

First Contact … 43

Food Production … 45

G

Glaser, Peter … 48

Governance … 49

H

Hotels … 51

I

Impacts … 53

Interplanetary Internet … 57

Interstellar Travel … 58

Ion Propulsion … 61

L

L-5 Colonies … 62

Land Grants … 64

Laser Propulsion … 66

Lasers in Space … 68

Launch Facilities … 71

Law … 76

Ley, Willy … 78

Lightsails … 79

Living on Other Worlds … 81

Lunar Bases … 85

Lunar Outposts … 89

M

Mars Bases … 92

Mars Direct … 96

Mars Missions … 98

Military Uses of Space … 101

Miniaturization … 106

Movies … 108

N

Nanotechnology … 111

Natural Resources … 115

Nuclear Propulsion … 118

O'Neill Colonies … 121

O'Neill, Gerard K … 124

P

Planetary Protection … 125

Political Systems … 128

Pollution … 129

Power, Methods of Generating … 132

Property Rights … 134

R

Rawlings, Pat … 137

Religion … 138

Resource Utilization … 140

Reusable Launch Vehicles … 143

S

Satellites, Future Designs … 147

Science Fiction … 150

Scientific Research … 152

Settlements … 156

Social Ethics … 160

Solar Power Systems … 163

Space Elevators … 167

Space Industries … 171

Space Resources … 173

Space Stations of the Future … 177

Space Tourism, Evolution of … 180

Star Trek … 184

Star Wars … 185

Stine, G. Harry … 187

T

Teleportation … 187

Telepresence … 189

Terraforming … 190

Tethers … 194

Time Travel … 197

Traffic Control … 199

TransHab … 201

U

Utopia … 204

V

Vehicles … 205

W

Wormholes … 207

Z

Zero Point Energy … 209

Zubrin, Robert … 211

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 213

GLOSSARY … 215

CUMULATIVE INDEX … 239